Greenpeace Save the Arctic campaign †LEGO and Shell - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2253 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Media Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Greenpeace Save the Arctic campaign – LEGO and Shell Greenpeace has had environmental issues at the core of its mission since it was founded in 1971, when a small group set sail from Vancouver, Canada to witness nuclear testing (Greenpeace, 2014a). Now a large international organisation, Greenpeace has several main branches of environmental activism and campaigning. One of its major campaigns is Save the Arctic, which has been running for 15 years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Greenpeace Save the Arctic campaign – LEGO and Shell" essay for you Create order The campaign is concerned with climate change in general and the shrinking Arctic, but also more specifically with the plans of oil companies to drill in the Arctic. According to Greenpeace, the harsh conditions and remoteness would mean an oil spill would be almost impossible to deal with. Its a catastrophe waiting to happen( Greenpeace, 2014b). Climate change can be a nebulous and esoteric problem that the public feel increasingly helpless to do anything about (Nordhaus and Shellenberger, 2009), but by focussing on a specific aspect, with a specific enemy, Greenpeace are providing people with an avenue for tangible action and results. Currently, the campaign targets the oil company Shell, but throughout its history it has run targeted campaigns against a number of oil companies. Increasingly, companies are coming under scrutiny for their environmental credibility as consumers become more aware of damaging practices and become more discerning with their purchasing power (Mi les and Covin, 2000). Greenpeace previously used this knowledge in a successful campaign called StopEsso that impacted the social credibility of ExxonMobil (Esso) and caused negative consumer perceptions about the company in regard to the issue of climate change (Gueterbock, 2004). However, in its most recent Save the Arctic campaign, Greenpeace tried another new tactic by targeting the toy company LEGO. LEGO has had a partnership with Shell since the 1960s that saw LEGO toy sets branded with the Shell logo distributed from Shell petrol stations in several countries. Instead of targeting Shell for its plans to drill in the Arctic, Greenpeace targeted LEGO for its partnership with Shell. Oil companies are now well known for their poor environmental credibility, so environmental campaigns need new ways to bring attention to specific issues. LEGO is a much-beloved toy company, and Greenpeace hoped that by linking LEGO directly to Shells Arctic drilling plans they could damag e LEGOs environmental credibility. For a company that had not faced this kind of criticism before, the attention could potentially be very damaging (Cho et al., 2012), so Greenpeace hoped this would force them to end their partnership with Shell. This would further damage Shell by ending a lucrative partnership and denying them the credibility by association with a popular toy company. Through its partnership with LEGO, Shell had reached a new audience by putting its logo in the hands of children and making it seem more family-friendly and caring (Greenpeace, 2014c). Greenpeaces targeted campaign also helped them reach the new audience of children by making them an integral part of the campaign mission. Throughout the campaign, Greenpeace pointed to LEGOs mission to leave a better world for children: a promise it is not fulfilling by supporting Shell. Greenpeaces campaign went beyond the rhetoric of securing the environment for our childrens future however; it actively u sed children in several of its marketing stunts. In one event, children built giant LEGO-block Arctic animals outside LEGOs London headquarters. When justifying the use of children in their campaign, Greenpeace stated: Children love the Arctic, and its unique wildlife like polar bears, narwhals, walrus and many other species that are completely dependent on the Arctic sea ice. They wouldn’t want to see them threatened. (Greenpeace 2014c). When assessing the use of emotion in social campaigns aimed at engaging youth, Hirzalla and Van Zoonen (2010) identified the appeal to empathy with animals and identification of animals coolness and cuddliness as key constructs. While appealing to children through the use of animals, Greenpeace also strengthened its message of saving the planet for future generations by using seemingly self-motivated children in its campaign. Many of the tactics used in Greenpeaces campaign against LEGO followed guerilla marketing principles. While traditional guerilla marketing campaigns aimed at selling products focus on the element of surprise and unconventional techniques, Greenpeaces campaign style could be more closely compared to guerilla warfare, composed of a series of ambushes and sabotages (Creative Guerrilla Marketing, 2015). For example, a band of Greenpeace activists descended on a LEGO factory in the Czech Republic and decorated it with a Shell logo and an oil spill with giant unhappy minifigures (LEGO characters) cleaning it up. Later, activists appeared outside LEGOs headquarters in Denmark with a series of giant bricks representing the signatures of petitioners to stop the partnership between LEGO and Shell. Greenpeaces global reach and local bands of enthusiastic demonstrators allow it to run campaigns multinational companies can only dream of; they can produce targeted marketing stunts quickly and a little cost. A related tactic used in the campaign is viral marketing. Again, aimed at creating buzz with lower cost, viral marketing is an Internet-based ‘word-of-mouth’ marketing technique (Woerndl et al., 2008). Greenpeace had an online petition to LEGO to sever its connection with Shell that was easy to sign and share, providing a low barrier to participation for people who might want to join the campaign but not to go out and engage in guerilla activities. It was also easy to share and the progress was easily measured. Often, visible metrics of success can further increase the likelihood of a viral campaign being shared wider as its credibility is established (Woerndl et al., 2008). For example, the number of hits on a YouTube video can influence the likelihood of someone watching and sharing the video. In fact, the centrepiece of Greenpeaces viral marketing campaign was a video. Ryan and Jones (2011) said: Online video is so powerful because well-executed video can be incredibly engaging and entertaining, demands little effort to consume and packs a lot of information into a relatively short space of time in comparison to other media. Its also incredibly easy to share. Greepeaces video, launched at the start of the campaign, now has nearly seven million views on YouTube (Greenpeace, 2014d). It centres around a direct parody of LEGOs recent smash-hit movie and its iconic song Everything is Awesome. The song is sung not in its original high-energy upbeat style, but as a slow lament, as images of an Arctic created out of LEGO slowly drowns under a tirade of leaked oil from Shells oil drilling platforms. The video is extremely evocative, showing Arctic animals and ways of life drowning, as well as eventually our way of life too. By constructing the set out of LEGO bricks and using the popular song from the movie, the focus is very much on LEGO, while also capitalising on its recent surge in popularity thanks to the movie. Emotional appeals in marketing are shown to be more effective in eliciting a response from viewers (Franz en, 1994). It can be a risky strategy to appeal to negative feelings, however, unless the product being marketed offers a solution. Greenpeaces encouragement to people to sign the petition and make LEGO end their partnership with Shell prevents the campaign from creating purely negative feelings that could work against viral potential by providing a concrete, actionable solution. The campaign was launched at the end of June 2014. After two weeks of guerilla tactics and the launch of the video, LEGO at first seemed unwilling to change its position, stating that: We expect that Shell lives up to their responsibilities wherever they operate and take appropriate action to any potential claims should this not be the case. LEGO maintained that Greenpeaces dispute was with Shell and not them. However, for Greenpeace, LEGOs trust in the oil companys responsibility was not enough, and the campaign intensified. Finally, in October 2014, LEGO announced that it would not renew its par tnership with Shell (Vaughan, 2014a). However, in LEGOs statement on the termination of the partnership, it was still reserved in its messaging and maintained that it did not agree with Greenpeaces tactics against them: We do not want to be part of Greenpeace’s campaign and we will not comment any further on the campaign. We will continue to deliver creative and inspiring LEGO play experiences to children all over the world. (LEGO, 2014). The Greenpeace campaign attracted criticism for targeting LEGO specifically. Some individuals pointed to the hypocrisy of the focus on the dissolution of the partnership as a partway solution to Arctic drilling, considering that LEGO bricks are made of plastic, a by-product of oil (Skapinker, 2014). However, LEGO is currently searching for a sustainable alternative material for its bricks, and hopes to replace oil entirely by 2030 (Miel, 2014). The narrow focus on targeting LEGO also drew criticism for its simplicity in not deal ing with the larger issue of energy generation. Chris Rapley, former director of the Science Museum (who opened a gallery in partnership with Shell), said the campaign might attract headlines and make them feel good, but does not address the real issues and will not deliver the changes we all need.† (Vaughan, 2014b) Additionally, it has been argued that we all use energy and products of oil in our everyday lives, so we are all implicated, and any action against individual companies is hypocritical (Skapinker, 2014). Both argue that oil companies are also those most heavily involved in renewable energy development, being more truly energy companies than purely oil companies. However, a blogger for The Economist (identified just as M.S.) praised Greenpeaces campaign, saying that just because we are all sinners does not mean we cannot pressure others to behave better, and it is just these sorts of campaigns that encouraged energy companies to invest in renewable energy r esearch in the first place (S., 2014). M.S. also praised the tactics of Greenpeaces campaign, saying it leveraged the weight of environmental credibility to produce a concrete result: If Shell comes to fear that drilling in arctic waters will damage its brand and encourage other well-regarded companies to distance themselves from it, that may help dissuade it from further drilling. The viral tactics of the campaign were lauded by M.S., who identified it as a breakthrough campaign for Greenpeace as they left their roots of unfurling banners from buildings behind and produced a wickedly clever campaign that feels entirely of this moment. In conclusion, the Greenpeace campaign was a success because it combined virality with up-to-date guerilla tactics in order to challenge the environmental credibility and social licence of a globally-recognised and popular toy company. Future Greenpeace campaigns look set to repeat the strategy, and time will tell if they remain successful. Following the announcement that LEGO terminated their partnership with Shell, executive director of Greenpeace UK John Sauven said: â€Å"Clearly Shell is trying to piggy back on the credibility of other brands. It’s a good PR strategy if you can get away with it. But as we’ve shown, if you can’t get away with it, that social licence is taken away. It does damage them a lot.† (Vaughan, 2014a). References Cho, C., Guidry, R., Hageman, A. and Patten, D. (2012). Do actions speak louder than words? An empirical investigation of corporate environmental reputation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 37(1), pp.14-25. Creative Guerrilla Marketing, (2015). What Is Guerrilla Marketing? [online] Available at: https://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/what-is-guerrilla-marketing/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Franzen, G. (1994). Advertising effectiveness. Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire: NTC Publications. Greenpeace, (2014a). Our History. [online] Available at: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/history/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Greenpeace, (2014b). Save the Arctic. [online] Available at: https://greenpeace.org.uk/climate/arctic [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Greenpeace, (2014c). Lego and Shell FAQs. [online] Available at: https://greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/lego-and-shell-faqs-20140630 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Greenpeace, (2014d). LEGO: Everything is NOT awesome. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhbliUq0_r4 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Gueterbock, R. (2004). Greenpeace campaign case study — StopEsso. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 3(3), pp.265-271. Hirzalla, F. and Van Zoonen, L. (2010). Affective Political Marketing Online: Emotionality in the Youth Sites of Greenpeace and WWF. International Journal of Learning and Media, 2(1), pp.39-54. LEGO, (2014). Comment on Greenpeace campaign and the LEGO ® brand. [online] Available at: https://www.lego.com/en-GB/aboutus/news-room/2014/october/comment-on-the-greenpeace-campaign-and-the-lego-brand [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Miel, R. (2014). Lego looking for a sustainable replacement for ABS. Plastics News. [online] Available at: https://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20140218/NEWS/140219915/lego-looking-for-a-sustainable-replacement-for-abs [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Miles, M. and Covin, J. (2000). Environmental Marketing: A Source of Reputational, Competitive, and Fin ancial Advantage. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(3), pp.299-311. Nordhaus, T. and Shellenberger, M. (2009). Apocalypse Fatigue: Losing the Public on Climate Change. Yale environment 360. [online] Available at: https://e360.yale.edu/feature/apocalypse_fatigue_losing_the_public_on_climate_change/2210/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Ryan, D. and Jones, C. (2011). The best digital marketing campaigns in the world. London: Kogan Page. S., M. (2014). Childish arguments. The Economist. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/10/greenpeace-lego-and-shell [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Skapinker, M. (2014). Everything is not awesome about Greenpeace’s assault on Lego. Financial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7a8885fc-538c-11e4-8285-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3PlQsJ8QR [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Vaughan, A. (2014a). Lego ends Shell partnership following Greenpeace campaign. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/09/lego-ends-shell-partnership-following-greenpeace-campaign [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Vaughan, A. (2014b). Science Museum former head gives Greenpeace Lego campaign 0 out of 10. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/09/science-museum-former-head-gives-greenpeaces-lego-campaign-0-out-of-10 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Woerndl, M., Papagiannidis, S., Bourlakis, M. and Li, F. (2008). Internet-induced marketing techniques: Critical factors in viral marketing campaigns. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 3(1), pp.33-45.

What Is Economic Freedom - 1509 Words

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E-Governance Public Sector Transformation

Question: Discuss about theE-Governance for Public Sector Transformation. Answer: Introduction: Technology has frequently been mentioned as the solution to all issues faced by the governments. Whilst not being the answers to all governmental problems, e-governance has become an fundamental part of public sector transformation. E-governance can be identified as a footstep towards the modernization of national and local governance. The most prominent issue of governmental fraud, late and ineffective public service delivery, data secrecy and many others are continuously being a major constriction in the effort of establishing democracy. E-governance has been introduced to eradicate all these issues by offering an increased the range of public services to the nationals in a transparent, quick and cost effective manner. The complexities of the governmental processes have been reduced by this technological intervention in the government. E-governance: As opined by Garcaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Snchez et al. (2013) e-governance or electronic governance is the use of electronic communication technologies or devices like computer and internet to manage the public service and related issues to provide best service to the citizens. As mentioned by Kumar and Panchanatham (2016) the idea of e-governance includes digital interaction between citizens and the public authority or government (C2G), between two separate governmental agencies (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E) and between government and business or commercial bodies (G2C). As described by Gatautis, R., (2015) it involves ICTs to transform both back end and front line governmental process and provide services, information and knowledge with more nimbleness and transparency than ever. Effectiveness: E-governance has changed the ids of bureaucracy in the 21st century. The bureaucratic governments have always been criticized for its delaying in service delivery as it involves a number of protocols and channels. Moreover, as mentioned by Gupta and Shah (2012) governmental frauds and corruption are one of the major discrepancies involved with bureaucracy. Incorporating transparency is crucial for better administration of it and success of democracy. Here, e-governance has intervened with significant approach. The following discussion will be helpful in exploring the range of effectiveness of e-governance in bureaucracy. Democratization: The most significant of governance effect can be discerned in the increased participation of the citizens in the governmental activities. As mentioned by Kumar et al. (2013) it has encouraged the fundamental strength and prerequisite of democracy and its success. With the help of ICTs (Information and communication technology), the citizens from every part of the country can tack part, interact, provide input and opinions to the governmental activities, the executive figures, and policies of the government. as mentioned by Yadav and Tiwari (2014) in India, while creating laws regarding sexual harassment against women in 2012, the supreme court bench Justice Verma Committee asked for peoples voice for the suggestions of alteration in laws. Here, the ICTs played a huge role in disseminating peoples voice. Thus, e-governance is being helpful in strengthening democracy. Better Access to Information: As opined by Prabhu (2013) e-governance has provided a common framework and direction the public sector agencies and organizations and other bodies. The use of ICT has made the information sharing process timely, reliable and cost-effective. The citizens are now able to access any governmental information from the related portals or websites within fraction of seconds and perfect accuracy. As described by Lee et al. (2016) it has saved time and money of the government and citizens. Simplicity, Efficiency and Accountability in Governance: Red tape is the major constriction in way of effective governance. As mentioned by (), it is an integral part of bureaucracy which is negatively affecting the effectiveness of bureaucracy. However, the Application of ICT has led to elimination of complicated processes and simplification of the structure. By simplifying the work process, e-governance has increased the efficiency and enhanced the decision making power of the governmental bodies. As opined by Gatautis (2015) the simplification of the governmental structure has affected the popular culture of bribery associated to bureaucracy in the hugely populated countries like India. Moreover, the simplified structured has made the governmental bodies more accountable to the citizens. As described by (), governance has provided the citizens a chance of interacting with the computers to achieve objectives at any time from any location. In the countries like India or Singapore, the e-governance has made the tax return, passport registration and even the health services easier than ever. However, with all this effectiveness the e-governance involves a few controversies, which are surely affecting its effectiveness and usage. Hyper-Surveillance: As opined by Prabhu (2013) with the increased use of electronic contact and its efficiency, the citizens will be encouraged to use this data sharing process, which will in turn reduce the privacy of the citizens. With increased ICT interaction between government and citizens, the government will be able to track every footstep of a citizen. As discussed by Gatautis (2015) in worst cases, this huge information access may lead to the rise of a totalitarian government. A False Sense of Transparency: As mentioned by Gupta and Shah (2012) it is vague to claim transparency as a positive result of e-governance. He argues that the data those the public can access to maintained and managed by the government itself. Information can easily be inserted or removed from the public eye. Inaccessibility: As opined by Goel et al. (2013) the idea of e-governance is beneficial for the developed countries not the developing or under developed ones. The effectiveness of this service becomes useless when the citizens are illiterate, living below the poverty line or in the remote areas, which are not covered with the internet service. Here, e-governance loses its effectiveness and credibility of modern and efficient governance. Comparative Study: A number of countries and national authorities have introduces egovernance within their governmental procedures. The example of Singapore and India can be typically relevant in this regard. A comparative study about these two nations has been provided bellow. Singapore: Singapore has gone so far in the usage of e-governance in the administration. From 1980 to 2015, the notation has achieved a great level in integrating the government with the citizens via ICT. As mentioned by Baum and Mahizhnan (2014) unlike India which is yet to utilize the e-governance in the whole national administration, Singapore has introduced the Whole-of-Government integration approach in the national administration via iGov2010. The country has the 2nd place in the World Economic Forum Global IT Report and UN e-Participation index (Mof.gov.sg 2016). The country has 4 national portals and more than 400 agency websites. While the Indian government is operating with fragmented approach, Singapores e-Citizen portal is a single access point for government information and services (Mof.gov.sg 2016). The country is obtaining a huge success in the administration and management of its civic life with the help of e-citizen, SingPass, Online Business Licensing system, Unique Identity number and many other online systems (Mha.nic.in 2016. The government of Singapore has four major portals for ensuring political participation, effective public service deliverance, and help to local entrepreneurs and assistance to the non-residents. In Singapore, all the public services and transactions are done with the ecitizen portal. It helps the government to rightfully tract all the civil services provided to the public. With authentic documentation, the country becomes able to justify all its expanses to the citizens. On the other hand, Unlike India, Singapore has a rich infrastructure of e-governance. The country has initiated this program in 1980s and now it is expanding the execution to its highest level. With the introduction of eGov the national authority has created sophisticated network within and outside of the government agencies (Mha.nic.in 2016). India: As mentioned by Gupta (2012) the e-governance is mainly seen as a key element of the countrys administrative and governmental reform agenda. The government has introduced the e-government facilities in customs and excise, Indian railways, Postal department, passport or visa, land reforms and many other central government departments. Introduction of ICT in the railways and central excise has made the facilities hugely effective by correct data and managing it in a proficient manner. Today 98% of export and 95% of import documentation is computerized. Through ICEGTE electronic filing of taxes is possible (Mha.nic.in 2016). ICT in railways has provided the facility of booking of tickets from anywhere in no time and with better proficient service. ICT in the postal department has introduced direct e-credit of monthly income schemes into the investors accounts, dematerialization of savings certificates (NSCs) and Vikas Patras with full portability. ICT in the passport department has introduced 100% computerized information. However, Singapore has all integrated service for all these (Mha.nic.in 2016). As opined by Mittal and Kaur (2013) the online transaction with the government has reduced the case of bribery in India. It can be identified as a significant achievement of e-governance. The online transaction, payment of bills, EMI, taxes and other dealings are now more time saving and efficient in this country. The project of online payment of bills in India is named as FRIENDS. By first introducing this strategy, the Kerala government made it easy for the citizens to pay the bills without any Yadav and Tiwari (2014) and the government got a good response regarding the payment. In most of the municipalities, the jobs like house taxes, certificates, property recodes and approvals are now being managed by the ICTs. SDO Suite, by the Assam Government for issuing certificates like permission for land sale, birth and death report can be cited here (Mha.nic.in 2016). In the rural areas, the help of ICT in governance is effectively allocating the social security services and monetary help to the farmers and the concerned persons. Rural Digital Services, or the recent PMJDY (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojona) can be cited in this regard (Mha.nic.in 2016). Hover, it cannot be ignored that India does not have an integrated service of e-governance like Singapore. It is restraining the country to enjoy the full potentiality of the service. As described by Loyd and Sivakumar (2015) a country, which has such a huge population, corruption in the civic system the introduction of e-governance, is typically important to ensure best public service with least public spending and best transparency. Future Implication: As mentioned by Loyd and Sivakumar (2015) with the sophistication of information technology and increased use of ICT in the everyday life, e-governance will be the future of national governance. As mentioned earlier, with decreased cost of governance, better integration among the agencies and the citizen e-governance is continuously being popular among the citizens and governmental agencies. The Indian government is trying to initiate National e-governance Plan (NeGP) (Mha.nic.in 2016). This plan is attempting to cover all the important areas relating to e-governance- Assessment and awareness, Policy and infrastructure, project management, capacity building, finance and many other sectors. As mentioned by Garcaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Snchez et al. (2013) there is a hug scope for the e-governance in India. The implication of usage of ICT in governance will increase the efficiency of the government to deliver timely and effective service to a huge number of beneficiaries. With the highly ambitious project of Digital India the nation is trying to have a digital infrastructure within the governance. On the other hand, Singapore is using this strategy with great precision, sophistication and efficiency. With single one-stop portals, the government agencies are effectively delivering the services to the nationals, which will definitely upgrade and update itself (Ha 2013). With extensive participation from the citizens, the government is creating a strong democratic nation for the future. However, with extensive usage of e-governance in the national authority, not much scope of expansion is left for Singapore. It can be feared that with increased utilization of ICT the nation can face the above discussed issue of surveillance and totalitarian authority. On the other hand, with fragmented approach, huge population and treat of corruption, India has a huge scope of future expansion in the egovernance sector. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that e-governance is the future of national administrations. In the countries like India, which has a huge population, e-governance is a prerequisite for the success of democracy. Singapore has utilized this strategy with grate precision by integrating all governmental agencies within one system. This strategy can be followed by India to be successful in the national and local administration. In Singapore, it has propelled better citizen participation, increased efficiency and productivity in the governance. Because of poverty, lack of computer literacy and unavailability of internet coverage is reducing the potentiality of e-governance in India. The country needs to eliminate these issues and implement the e-governance strategy to obtain the impact of modernization in the national administration. References: Baum, S. and Mahizhnan, A., 2014. Government-With-You: E-Government in Singapore.E-Governance and Social Inclusion: Concepts and Cases: Concepts and Cases, p.229. Garcaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Snchez, I.M., Rodrguezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Domnguez, L. and Friasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Aceituno, J.V., 2013. Evolutions in Eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ governance: Evidence from Spanish Local Governments.Environmental Policy and Governance,23(5), pp.323-340. Gatautis, R., 2015. The impact of ICT on public and private sectors in Lithuania.Engineering Economics,59(4). Goel, I., Garg, V. and Garg, S., 2013. A Study of Efforts by Other Countries to Make E-Governance Effective.International Journal of Advanced and Innovation Research, pp.12-18. Gupta, M. and Shah, S., 2012. ICT and E-governance: A complete overview.Journal of Information and Operations Management,3(1), pp.178-182. Gupta, M.P., 2012. Tracking the evolution of e-governance in India.International Journal of Electronic Government Research,6(1), pp.46-48. Ha, H., 2013. E-Government in Singapore: critical success factors.E-Government success around the world: cases, empirical studies, and practical recommendations, pp.176-197. Kumar, D. and Panchanatham, N., 2016. A Case Study on Public Private Partnership for an Effective Indian E-Governance.International Journal of Scientific Research,4(7). Kumar, P., Kumar, D. and Kumar, N., 2013. Improved service delivery and cost effective framework for e-governance in India.International Journal of Computer Applications,74(2). Lee, S.K., Kwon, H.R., Cho, H., Kim, J. and Lee, D., 2016.International Case Studies of Smart Cities: Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Inter-American Development Bank. Loyd, B.D. and Sivakumar, D., 2015, July. A case study on VoIP over WMN based architecture for future e-governance of Indian rural areas. InTechnological Innovation in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR), 2015 IEEE(pp. 66-71). IEEE. Mha.nic.in. 2016.Ministry Of Home Affairs |. [online] Available at: https://www.mha.nic.in [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Mittal, P. and Kaur, A., 2013. E-Governance-A challenge for India.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology (IJARCET),2(3), pp.pp-1196. Mof.gov.sg. 2016.Ministry of Finance Singapore (MOF). [online] Available at: https://www.mof.gov.sg [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Prabhu, C.S.R., 2013.E-governance: Concepts and case studies. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Yadav, K. and Tiwari, S., 2014. E-Governance in India: Opportunities and Challenges.Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering,4(6), pp.675-680.

Maturation Of The Plantation System, 1776-1860 Essays -

Maturation Of The Plantation System, 1776-1860 In the essay, Maturation of the Plantation System 1776-1860, John B. Boles writes about the evolution of the Southern way of life from the end of the Revolutionary war to the beginning of the Civil war. Unlike the North, the South depended on agricultural products for revenue such as sugar, indigo, and tobacco, but mainly cotton in the later years. In order to produce these products, the plantation owners of the South used the cheapest labor available, which was slave labor. Slavery evolved to become the backbone of the South. Slavery was upheld in the early stages of the United States because Southern slaveholders referred to their slaves as property. Slaves realized that all men aren't created equal as stated in the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. Freedom was only a dream. Slavery increased because of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that doubled the size of the United States. In 1810, the Census reported that there were 1,163,854 slaves in the South, mainly due to the growing production of cotton and sugar. England first realized the potential of black slaves when in 1775, Lord Dunmore granted freedom to all ?indented servants, Negroes, or others(83). Southern whites did not like this proposition and they took emergency militia and police action to prevent a slave exodus to the British side. By 1777, the need for men forced the English and Colonials to rely on the use of black troops. However, although some blacks did fight side by side with their white counterparts, the majority of black involvement in the war was in a supporting role as cooks, wagoneers, and servants. After the war, there was an industrial revolution in the production of cotton cloth in England. Several species of cotton were known in the South before the revolution, but it was not easy to produce. However, with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793, the production of cotton in the South dramatically increased along with the demand for cotton overseas. Cotton employed the labor of almost three-fourths of all southern slaves. Cotton was now King in the South. With migration into the Southwest, rich black soil, experienced slaves, and hard work propelled many southern white plantation owners into very rich men. Cotton requires a long growing season and thrives best with moderate springtime rains and dry autumns. Cotton harvest also required more intense labor than any other season of the year. Very cheap slave labor was used in the South to harvest this cotton. Slaves planted, cultivated, and grew more cotton than they could pick. Cotton was cheap to produce because of cheap slave labor and no expensive equipment was needed to harvest, no extensive and costly irrigation canals were required to bring a cotton field into production. Cotton did not rot or spoil after being picked and it could be easily stored until enough was required to head to the gin. Cotton was also very well suited to the small farmer. Small farmers who didn't have hundreds of slaves and thousands of acres could grow cotton profitably. However, Boles writes, ?the most significant economic advantage of slavery was that it allowed farm size to increase significantly? (100). The larger planters had a gin and cotton press to satisfy their own needs also helped out other farmers in need. What developed before the Civil War was a complex white slave owning society that depended on slave labor as a way of life. In many areas of the South such as western Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky, there was no slavery at all. Small yeoman farmers owned their own land, grew most of their food, and lived self-sufficient with no outside help. However, in the Deep South of Alabama and Mississippi, almost half of the white families were slave owners. There were two societies to the South, slave holding and self-sufficient. Although, class conflict was largely absent by the 1840's because of the regions where each society was most conspicuous were geologically separate. Thousands of small farmers with little tobacco or cotton could identify with local planters because they were both growing the same crop. An economic connection existed between the small farmers who marketed their

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9 Things Smart People Never Say in Office Small Talk

9 Things Smart People Never Say in Office Small Talk Social awareness is an innate talent, but it can also be a skill you can work to build. Find yourself with your foot in your mouth more often than you’d like? Don’t panic. Just make the effort to be more conscious of what you say from now on, starting with this list of no-nos. As you build your emotional intelligence, you’ll find social interactions much more fruitful. 1. â€Å"You look tired.†What someone else hears: â€Å"You look terrible.† Even if they have the darkest undereye circles you’ve ever seen and look pale and unkempt, it’s better not to go there. Ask instead if they’re stressed, or if you can do anything for them.2. â€Å"Wow, you’ve lost weight!†What they hear: â€Å"You used to be fat.† This is a compliment concealing a sucker punch to the self-esteem. Instead try telling someone that they look fantastic, with no comment on their previous state or past or current weight.3. â€Å"You were to o good for him.†What they hear: â€Å"You have terrible taste.† Even if this is true, it’s better to be gentle and not insult someone’s ex- or their own judgment. Instead try saying what a catch that person is, and how it’s their ex’s loss entirely that the relationship dissolved.4. â€Å"You†¦ always/never†When in doubt: use â€Å"I† statements. People don’t like to be generalized about, particularly in such strong terms. Stick to the facts to keep your interlocutor from getting defensive. Try saying â€Å"I’ve noticed you often do this,† or â€Å"I feel like this is a pattern.†5. â€Å"You look/are †¦.. for your age.†Whatever nice thing you were going to say, say it without the â€Å"for your age† part and you should be fine. Tell someone they look great or they’re really strong or vibrant and cut the modifying phrase. It saves you from being condescending and/or just plain rude.6. â€Å"Like I said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ What they hear: â€Å"Ugh, I can’t believe you’re making me repeat myself.† You’re not important enough for anyone else to remember everything you said. Just try to convey your point clearly and in a way that someone will remember because it was worth remembering. And don’t punish people for not lingering on your every word.7. â€Å"Good luck.†This is a tough one, because it seems harmless. But it can feel a little sarcastic, even when it isn’t meant that way. Next time, try â€Å"You’re going to do great.†8. â€Å"It’s up to you.†No one would have asked your opinion if they didn’t want it. Don’t throw the ball back in their court without giving it. Try stating your opinion and then adding that you’d rather defer to their taste in this particular situation- or just that you can’t decide between two things, or would rather they do the honors. This shows you care more than just saying, â€Å"whatever† and leaving it to them.9. â€Å"At least I never†¦.†You’re not perfect, and saying you never did something worse than what you did isn’t going to make anyone feel better. It’ll just make you look smug and #sorrynotsorry. Instead, just say you’re sorry. Owning your mistake is always a good strategy.Try to ban these few phrases from your vocabulary, and see what an impact it can have on your emotional intelligence in a very short period of time.

Cost of Turnover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cost of Turnover - Research Paper Example e increased level of employee turnover within an organization can result in incurring costs related to recruitment and selection of new employees along with inviting training costs associated with the new hired staff. At the same time, the article further revealed that increased employee turnover has significant and much adverse impact on the overall productivity as well as competiveness of an organization (Ebodey, n.d.). In this regard, it can be affirmed that the role of staffing is considered to be extremely vital for any organization in order to attain greater competiveness within an industry and reduce the turnover rate. The recruitment, selection along with hiring of skilled and competent candidates with an organization can largely ensure the success and enhanced performance of the organization which in turn can enable it to attain greater sustainability (Ployhart, 2011). Performance management is another important aspect that drives worker behaviors to align with the goals and the objectives of an organization. Efficient performance management facilitates an organization to develop and foster its employees (Resurreccion, 2012). It has been observed that monetary and non-monetary incentives along with compensation can largely facilitate an organization to foster and retain skilled employees. If adequate and on-time compensation is offered to employees then it can motivate them to render sustain ed dedicated efforts towards the accomplishment of organizational goals and objectives. This in turn can enable to reduce the rate of employee turnover by a considerable extent (Agba &Ushie, 2010). Agba, A. M. O., & Ushie, E. M. (2010). Motivational incentives and staff turnover in the hospitality industry in cross river state, Nigeria. Global Journal of Management and Business Research 10 (8), pp. 18-28. Resurreccion, P. F. (2012). Performance management and compensation as drivers of organization competitiveness: the Philippine perspective. International Journal of

Global englishes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Global englishes - Essay Example Starting with the British Isles’ invasion by the German tribes of the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Angles, the English language has come a long way. English has undergone numerous transformations since its creation to date. Various historical events have played a role in its transformation that include but are not limited to Britain’s Christianization in the year 597, the Invasions of the Viking, the Conquest of the Norman, Bible’s translation, William Caxton’s introduction of the printing press, the Renaissance, and the British Empire’s expansion (Wilton, 2001). All of these events have helped English language be what it is today. English language also derives its popularity and power from the advancement of science and technology in general, and the emergence of the US as the world power. Given the popularity of the English language and its significance in the contemporary age, this paper makes forecasts about the future of the global Englishes disc ussing different aspects like the growing influence of the English language and its tendency to take over regional languages. ... of us can guess what the English language will be like in a hundred years time [and that] the history of the language in the coming century will depend on the history of the community itself† (Barber, 1993, p. 276). While Barber is right, English’s status today and the surfacing of the variety of Englishes all over the world have caused people to predict the future of this language. Changes in the English language’s status are influential upon a large population of the world in general and its linguistic choices in particular. Considering the profile of spread of English in the past, it can be estimated that English language would spread even more in the future than it has so far. Mori Arinori, in the 19th century, proposed to replace the Japanese language with another language that is stronger and better like French and English. He emphasized on the need to adopt one of these languages in these words: â€Å"The march of civilization in Japan has already reached the heart of the nation – the English language following it suppresses the use of both Chinese and Japanese. The commercial power of the English-speaking race which now rules the world drives our people into some knowledge of their commercial ways and habits. The absolute necessity of mastering the English language is thus forced upon us. It is a requisite of our independence in the community of nations. Under the circumstances, our meager language, which can never be of any use outside of our islands, is doomed to yield to the domination of the English tongue, especially when the power of steam and electricity shall have pervaded the land† (Mori cited in Kachru, 1992, p. 5). English cannot Extinguish Other National Languages Although English has attained the status of an international language, and is

Occupy Wall Street, Pros and Cons Essay Example for Free

Occupy Wall Street, Pros and Cons Essay In the past year, there has been a movement that has grown out of the frustration over the unemployed masses across the nation. The movement was mostly aimed at Big Banks and the wealthiest 1% who hold a significant percent of the money in this country. The movement, in its beginnings, was meant to protest the declining middle class and rapid expanding lower class. It also contended that the upper class was not paying their share of taxes. Pro side of the Movement: The OWS movement brought to the forefront the belief that the rich were paying a much lower percentage of taxes then there middle and lower class counterparts. It demanded that the rich pay more taxes and regulate the flow of money to big banks and bank bailouts. Much like the Tea Party movement, they demanded an end to the TARP bailouts and end to federal bailouts of a corrupted Federal Reserve. The movements motto, â€Å"Companies are bad, Capitalism is inherently evil†, also shows the movements opposition to big corporations making lots of money and not sharing it with their employees. It has gathered a lot of support from among the ultra liberal population and shown that there are a good number of people who support this cause. Among the supporters have been many celebs, politicians and even labor unions. The fact that banks raked in record profits before the housing crash, and unfairly foreclosed millions of loans on middle class and poor people, then received federal bailouts to save them infuriated many people. The single largest cost to the American taxpayer of all time, more than all the previous national debt combined since the nation’s birth in 1776, the banks received not billions, but trillions in this TARP bailout. It was from this 2 movements were born. Tea Party and OWS both owe their origins to this single event. OWS is the Liberal side vs. the Conservative Tea Party. Anti Occupy Wall Street: In the beginning of the movement, there wasn’t a lot of opposition to their ideas across the board. They had a solid idea and cause. They stood for the middle and lower class citizens with a message the 99% of the population was tired of being walked on by the rich. However, this image quickly tarnished. The movement became a collection of people who basically looked like a homeless camp of vagrants of people who felt they were â€Å"entitled† to a comfortable life and not having to work for it. Almost every face in the crowd was people that were basically unemployable because they had excessive tattoos, bad hygiene or very bad attitudes vs. everything! Mixed In with their protests were political groups joining the band wagon, such as Communist, Marxist, Nazi and Anarchist? There signs often portrayed violence to rich people and corporations. They would cry out, â€Å"We are the 99%† the whole time the real 99% of the population was becoming disgusted with these people. The movement is dying and basically dead because the people who organized these camps did not police themselves or distance themselves from the people who tarnished the initial message of the movement. Instead of a message being sent to the rich, they made themselves and embarrassment to their cause. Can Occupy Wall Street be fixed? : Is it too late to undo the damage the bad elements of the protest? I think it is. They had/have no clear message anymore. They complain about everything and everyone. All rich people are evil, our capitalistic government is evil and Corporations are Evil? This is their claim. However, do these people stop to think (as they use there iPhones, sipping Starbucks coffee and wearing designer clothes) that they are hypocrites? That if not for all they stand against, America would be nothing more than a 3rd world country? Do the people who support socialism and communism not realize they have been tried and failed time and time again? Socialism is a great government till you run out of others people’s money! Rich people provide a vast majority of the jobs in this country. There is also the fact, that in America, everyone has the potential to become rich. There are more millionaires in America, than the whole world combined. There are many things in their message that is simply not thought out. The movement needs to single out the wrong doers such as BofA and the people who caused the housing crash. They need to support intelligent people who can spread a positive message for them. Not be a huge un-washed mass of entitled hippies looking for a handout. My Opinion: I think the movement is dead. It was dead after the first week. It needs to go away and reboot. It needs a new plan, new people and leadership. It needs a voice! It has been marred by violence and shame. I hate that these people say they represent me. I represent the hard working people of this country that believes in the American Dream. These entitled ingrates need to stop wondering why they can’t get a job while there getting there face pierced or a new tattoo. I want to be rich one day, and I don’t want to have to pay 70% of my income to pay for people who won’t get off their butts and get a job. I believe if you work hard, you should be rewarded for it, not punished!

The Chemistry of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy Knowledge Knowing Plato

The Chemistry of Knowledge Hippeas thought he had all the answers. â€Å"I have never found any man who was my superior in anything,† he boasted. Then he meets Socrates. Though he had made thousands of public speeches about virtue, a dialogue with the wisest of Athenians leads Hippeas to confess that he â€Å"cannot even say what [virtue] is† (Hippeas 70). Lesser Hippeas discredits Hippeas but offers little more than a negative definition of knowledge. Meno, Phaedo, and the Republic provide a more comprehensive discussion of the definition, the good and the teaching of knowledge. The following pages will explore Plato’s theory of knowledge and will conclude with an examination of organic chemistry at Swarthmore College. According to Plato, knowledge requires the reasoned understanding of essences. To know the qualities something possesses, one must grasp â€Å"what something is† (Meno 60). Knowledge entails an active understanding capable of weathering the rigors of a probing discussion. In Lesser Hippeas, Socrates uncovers the knowledge deficit underlying Hippeas’ opinions and skills. Plato makes a clear distinction between Hippeas’ mastery of facts and the possession of true knowledge: â€Å"I certainly do not think I am guessing that right opinion is a different thing from knowledge† (90). Facts and opinions require little more than memorization and regurgitation. Acquiring knowledge, on the other hand, can only be done â€Å"with an effort† (Republic 776). Plato’s Cave analogy in the Republic likens the path to knowledge to the transition from a dark cave to a sunny hilltop. Plato allegorizes the â€Å"ascent of the soul† (776) from a world of shadows, reflections and half-truths into the â€Å"world of knowledge† (776). Plato maintains that cave dw... ...nt of the reason why† (90). Only knowledge boasts longevity. For me, perhaps the most disconcerting thing about organic chemistry is the rapidity with which my memory of it has faded. Some three months removed from a final exam, I recall virtually nothing. So why don’t we get knowledge, if it would serve us so much better than limited-warranty opinions? Thinking takes time. And there are only fifteen weeks to a semester. Professors need empirical measurements of student progress in finite periods of time, even when it is clear that cursory thought emasculates knowledge. After all, â€Å"All late papers will be penalized" Professor Richard Schuldenfrei Works Cited Plato. Five Dialogues : Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans G. M. A. Grube. Hackett Publishing Company, 2002. Plato. The Dialogues of Plato. Trans. B. Jowett. New York: Random House.

Community vs. Individualism

Community vs. Individualism Individual and community are two words whose meanings contrast each other. An individual is one who is self-sufficient and not reliant on outside forces to get whatever task complete. A community however, is a group of individuals whose sufficiency is intertwined with one another, and therefore can rely on each other. In her narrative essay, â€Å"Community and Diversity†, Rebekah Nathan unveils the individualistic society that was her college experience. She describes life as a freshman from her own point of view and examines the characteristics of the student population at her university.She uses her own experience as a microcosm of university life throughout the country, but her account does not represent all schools appropriately. She says, â€Å"They (students) genuinely want to have a close community, while at the same time they resist the claims that community makes on their schedule and resources in the name of individualism, spontaneity, f reedom, and choice†(Nathan 233). Her description exposes the student body as being largely individualistic, which is not always the case.In this essay, I will argue that not all campus life in universities today is individualistic, because there is still a great deal of community amongst the student body. To begin with, saying that campus life is geared towards being an individual is not always true. Students go out of their way to join clubs and participate in study groups and review sessions. They want to come together and form an alliance for academics or just to be social. In her essay, Nathan claims that our nation as a whole is becoming an advocate of â€Å"individualism†.While this may be true, it in no way means that university life is affected by this. People come to college to not only further their academic quest, but to expand their horizons and to network with their peers. For example, an incoming freshman has the capability of joining a learning community related to their interests or what they think their future major might be. If a business major wants to get involved outside the classroom, there are a number of options available to them, such as an academic service learning program, or joining a business fraternity.The variety of choices one has is overwhelming, and these programs and clubs would not be available if they were underused, they would simply turn over. Equally important, is the fact that in today’s classrooms, group work is often either encouraged or required. Professors expect classmates to get along and collaborate (just not when their teaching), either during an assignment in class or for a project assigned to work on outside the classroom. How so then, as Nathan puts it, are students getting more and more individualistic? In his essay, James Surowiecki explains that there is power in the form of the small group.He says â€Å"small groups have the opportunity to be more than just the sum of their parts† (441). This means that a group can outperform even the smartest of its individuals on their own. That said it isn’t hard to see the benefit of community values in an academic workplace, rather than individualism. A good example of this is if you were to put five students in a group to complete a series of math equations. If it took the smartest individual thirty minutes to complete twelve problems, it would likely take much less time for the group, including that same individual, to finish the task.For this reason, privatizing the campus experience is not beneficial to the learning process, rather it is harmful. Integrating students from group work keeps them from building social skills that they will need in the real world after college, and it additionally gives students an absence of the cognitive diversity one could discover while working in small groups. Moreover, if an institution wants to inspire a common education goal amongst its students, there are several ways i t could initiate it.For one, the university could instill living learning communities into the student housing. This allows students with the same majors or interests to live in the same suites, as well as giving them the some of the same core classes. Consequently, students can share information about classes and even form study groups without even leaving their dorms. Another way to instill a sense of academic community throughout the campus is to organize free events such as study sessions and reviews for certain classes.For example, offer a math tutoring session available to all students with refreshments, or maybe even ice cream, would be a great way to attract people and get them involved with not only in their studies, but with the campus as well. A university could even go as far as providing incentives for good work, such as raffling off high end electronics and skateboards. The cost of the raffle ticket: â€Å"A† papers. On the other hand, Nathan argues, â€Å"Rath er than being located in its shared symbols, meetings, activities, and rituals, the university for an undergraduate was more accurately a world of self-selected people and events† (237).This cannot be said for American universities as a whole. Many if not most colleges have strong on-campus communities starting at the roots of student living; the dorms. Every week you will find a plethora of activities and events going on no farther than the students’ downstairs lobby. From events like â€Å"Residents Fest†, where the different dormitories face off in multiple competitive events, to comedy shows and entertainers that come to the campus auditorium and perform live for the students, free of charge and welcome to everyone on campus.At the same time, there is still room for individualism in a functional community. Any given community that is profiecient needs individuals to lead operations. In our everyday society, we rely on politicians and small businesses led by h eadstrong individuals. But the individualism that is essencial for these people is also essencial for the community as a whole, much like that which is found in university life. Resident Assistants or, â€Å"RA’s†, are hired in order to not only control the students living in on-campus housing, but to bring them together as one solid body.It is not uncommon for RA’s to request input of those students living on their floor during floor meetings. For example, most RAs give each room on their floor living agreement forms. Nathan remembers, â€Å"After pizza, M&Ms, and yet another icebreaker game, the RA introduced our charge of creating a joint compact and handed out cards and pens, asking each person to write down something in the way of a rule or a ‘don’t’ that she would like to obtain for the hall† (234).On it, residents are allowed to make rules for their specific suite to make sure everyone gets a say in what goes on in their living space. They want everyone involved with the building they are living in, but also to know that the RA is ultimately the one in charge over them. Interestingly enough, Surowiecki points out, â€Å"One of the real dangers that small groups face is emphasizing consensus over dissent† (444). This concept could lead floor members to agree more readily with the majority, rather than be the black sheep to stand out and argue against it.Without doubt, college campuses around the country display a strong sense of community. In the classrooms students display cooperation with each other in the form of groups and in-class discussion, and review sessions before tests are no rare occurrence. There are a variety ways to get students involved, and it seems that many are eager at the opportunity to gather and strive for academic improvement. From learning communities to social events and clubs, there is no lack of student involvement on campus for many universities.Although Nathan says †Å"The university community was experienced by most students as a relatively small, personal network of people who did things together,† this is simply not true everywhere across the country (237). While there are hints of â€Å"individualism† in the student body, it is overwhelmed by the power of the community that is found in most universities across the states. This is good thing, because an emphasis on â€Å"individualism† could affect the development of cognitive diversity which is a valuable characteristic in society, especially on a college campus.Surowiecki states, â€Å"Diversity of opinion is the single best guarantee that the group will reap benefits from face-to-face discussion† (446). By this, he is saying cognitive diversity sparks a flame in the classroom, whether it through arguing or open discussions with classmates and teachers. If students were not exposed to such diversities in the classroom, they would be unprepared to face them in the real world. Besides, giving students a strong sense of community is almost always more effective than the alternative.Works Cited: 1) Surowiecki, James. â€Å"Committees, Juries, and Teams: The Columbia Disaster and How Small Groups Can Be Made to Work. † Emerging: Contemporary Readings for Writers. Ed Barclay Barrios. Boston, MA. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 439-452. Print. 2) Nathan, Rebekah. â€Å"Community and Diversity† Emerging: Contemporary Readings for Writers. Ed Barclay Barrios. Boston, MA. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 439-452. Print.

Economic questions Essay

1. It has to do with game theory. In the prisoner’s dilemma, two suspects are taken by the police and each told separately that they can gain their freedom by testifying against each other. If neither testifies, they each will serve a six months sentence. If one testifies the other stays silent, the one will go free and the other will serve 10 yrs. If both testify then both will serve 5 yrs. The best thing is for both to be silent, but the more likely scenario is that each, fearful of a long sentence, bails on the other and nobody wins. In economics it is the investors hoping to ride the high flyers into the New Year; the best outcome is for nobody to sell. Most years, that is how it works and year end rallies leave everyone satisfied. 2. Economic theory. Through regulation is the best way market failure or externalities are dealt with when they are harmful to society. Externality is an economic side effect. They are the costs or benefits that come from economic activities that affect others than the individuals that re engaged in the economic activities. Some solutions are negative- taxes, positive-subsidy. 3. Sources of income in a capitalist economy would be their property rights that entitle them to earn a profit for the use of their capital as risk in some form of economic activity. They would be related through labor by human capital. The knowledge and skill acquired by labor through education and labor. 4. The rate is determined by a percentage of its turnover or sales. 5. Investment is something investors decide how much they will spend on new investment. Example: Producers have to decide whether to replace used up or obsolete machinery, whether to expand production these costs will become an investment that in turn should make them money. There are four principal determinants of autonomous investment, the level of technology, rate of interest, expectation of future economic growth and the rate of capacity utilization. 6. With an equilibrium price. The price that equates quantity demanded to quality supplied. If any disturbance from that price occurs, excess demand or excess supply emerges to drive price back to equilibrium. 7. The classical view of how our economy behaves is this: If the economy were left on its own without the interference of government or the Fed. It would move towards an equilibrium rate of growth that would produce with only minor interruptions, full employment without inflation. This hands off rests upon two simple propositions about market, one that all markets are basically competitive and two, all prices are flexible upward and downward approaching equilibrium. Unemployment is only a temporary condition caused by wage rates climbing above the equilibrium rate. A shift in the extraction curves is the economy’s rate of unemployment and rate of inflation. 8. Supply-side economists emphasize the importance of reducing tax rates. They accept the Keynesian idea that lower tax rates will increase consumer demand, but they believe a more important consequence is the added incentive it provides suppliers. For example; lower corporate tax rates increase after tax profit, which induces suppliers to increase aggregate supply. Lower income tax rates encourage more people to work longer, adding as well to aggregate supply. 9. Savings automatically converts to investment; so that investment induced growth is dependent on saving. 10. The division of labor into specialized activities that allow individuals to be more productive. The idea that labor productivity is a function of the degree of labor specialization. 11. Upward sloping trend cutting through the cycle traces the economy’s output performance over the course of a business cycle, measured either from recession to recession or from prosperity to prosperity. The upward sloping character of the trend line signifies economic growth. 12. Every economy, whatever its level of national income, includes people earning different incomes. Knowing someone’s absolute income tells us little about that person’s income status. 13. Consumption spending is rooted in Status. High income people not only consume more goods and services than others, but also set consumption standards for everyone else. 14. Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services that all firms in the national economy are willing to offer at varying price levels. Aggregate demand is the total quantity demanded of these goods and services by households, firms, foreigners, and government at those varying price levels. Macroequilibrium is reach when aggregate supply equals aggregate demand. 15. Consumption spending has tended to be more stable than investment spending in the past. MPC can be counted on to remain pretty much unchanged. Autonomous consumption is hardly likely to change. Investment spending is considered volatile. Economists identify changes in aggregate expenditure as the key to understanding why national income changes. Changes in investment have highly magnified effects on national income. The income by which income changes as a result of a change in aggregate expenditure is called income multiplier. 16. The economy’s output or gross domestic product is the total value, measured in current market prices, of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year. 17. One solution is to combine wage and price controls with a Keynesian style job creating policy. Stabilization policy is one option. 18. Four principle factors contributing to a nations economic growth, the size of the labor force, the degree of labor specialization, or the division of labor, the size of its capital stock and the level of its technology. Savings automatically converts to investment; so that investment induced growth is dependent on savings. 19. Demand deposits are only half of a banks business. Loans are the other. The bank makes a profit only on the loans it provides, not on it deposits. Borrowers benefit from inflation where lenders, where as lenders lose money. 20. Through the circular flow model, how the economy’s resources, money, goods and services flow between households and firms through resource and product market. 21. Economies with negative balances on current account will find their exchange rate falling. And unless these rates are propped up by government intervention, they will fall to stem the currency outflows exist; the exchange rate will keep falling. Eventually the rate will reach the level appropriate to a zero balance on current account. It takes only time. He would think we were habitual borrows. 22. They are the â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what it should be† 23. Nothing because the infrastructure is what an economy’s ability for development depends upon. Such as with education to educate people involves not only the task of acquiring compliance but the funds needed to build the school and staff them.

Free Essays on Jack Danielsh

Jack Daniel’s is a type of whiskey which contains alcohol, a drug that in moderate amounts can cause a euphoric feeling in the individual who consumed the drug. Large amounts, however, lead to nausea, decreased coordination, and alcohol poisoning. Daniel has consumed enough Jack Daniel’s that he has ended up with a case of alcohol poisoning (which is harmful). He has consumed the Jack Daniel’s unaware that the alcohol in it would lead to harm for him. The folk psychological explanation for Daniel drinking the Jack Daniel’s is that he believed that by drinking a lot of Jack Daniel’s he would achieve something achieve something that he desired. The result of drinking that much whiskey is alcohol poisoning which is harmful. Socrates’ argument is that Daniel did not do this to intentionally harm himself. He claims that if Daniel knew that drinking the Jack Daniel’s would lead to alcohol poisoning, that would mean that Daniel desired to be harmed. Nobody desires to be harmed because harm means to be miserable and unhappy and nobody desires to be unhappy. Socrates argues that Daniel falsely believed that by drinking excessively he would achieve happiness. He did not know that the alcohol would lead to unhappiness or he would not have drank it. Socrates’ argument is successful, it is a sound argument. Someone who disagrees with Socrates would argue that people either desire things that lead to harm but they believe that harm benefits, or they desire things that lead to harm and believe that harmful things harm. If there are people that desire harmful things under the false belief that harmful things lead to benefit, which is an obvious contradiction, then there are people who believe obvious contradictions. Nobody believes obvious contradictions. That means there are no people who desire harmful things knowing they are harmful but believe that harmful things benefit. The only argument against Socrates left is ... Free Essays on Jack Danielsh Free Essays on Jack Danielsh Jack Daniel’s is a type of whiskey which contains alcohol, a drug that in moderate amounts can cause a euphoric feeling in the individual who consumed the drug. Large amounts, however, lead to nausea, decreased coordination, and alcohol poisoning. Daniel has consumed enough Jack Daniel’s that he has ended up with a case of alcohol poisoning (which is harmful). He has consumed the Jack Daniel’s unaware that the alcohol in it would lead to harm for him. The folk psychological explanation for Daniel drinking the Jack Daniel’s is that he believed that by drinking a lot of Jack Daniel’s he would achieve something achieve something that he desired. The result of drinking that much whiskey is alcohol poisoning which is harmful. Socrates’ argument is that Daniel did not do this to intentionally harm himself. He claims that if Daniel knew that drinking the Jack Daniel’s would lead to alcohol poisoning, that would mean that Daniel desired to be harmed. Nobody desires to be harmed because harm means to be miserable and unhappy and nobody desires to be unhappy. Socrates argues that Daniel falsely believed that by drinking excessively he would achieve happiness. He did not know that the alcohol would lead to unhappiness or he would not have drank it. Socrates’ argument is successful, it is a sound argument. Someone who disagrees with Socrates would argue that people either desire things that lead to harm but they believe that harm benefits, or they desire things that lead to harm and believe that harmful things harm. If there are people that desire harmful things under the false belief that harmful things lead to benefit, which is an obvious contradiction, then there are people who believe obvious contradictions. Nobody believes obvious contradictions. That means there are no people who desire harmful things knowing they are harmful but believe that harmful things benefit. The only argument against Socrates left is ...

The Power of Awe 5 Proven Benefits to Experiencing Awe in Your Life

The Power of Awe 5 Proven Benefits to Experiencing Awe in Your Life One of the themes at my leadership retreat last week was the power of awe. From the moment we arrived at the campus in Wisconsin, we were called upon to seek out awe-inspiring experiences. The first day, I saw a dragonfly caught in a spider’s web. I heard frogs that sounded like an orchestra. I saw fireflies that looked like sparklers. All of these were moments of awe. During one classroom section out on the grass, a green bug landed on me and I spent many minutes watching its movements. I was fascinated by how it shifted from side to side, bending its legs as it leaned to the left, then straightening and bending them again as it leaned to the right. Why would a bug do such a thing? I was captivated. Every time the bug jumped off my leg I would catch it again so I could watch its do this dance. In each of these moments, time stood still. I felt like I could sit there forever focusing on this one thing – a green bug, a sunset, a frog chorus. I was happy to be alive, for the simple fact that life occurred to me as captivating and miraculous. What I learned over the week is that scientific research supports my experience of awe. Specifically there are four documented effects of awe that make me want to pursue it more often! 5 Major Benefits of Awe We become more generous and caring after experiencing awe! In a study directed by Paul Piff, half the participants were directed to look at the side of a building, and the other half were directed to look at a grove of towering eucalyptus trees. After they looked at the scene, a researcher walked by the participants and dropped a box of pens by â€Å"accident.† The ones who had looked at the trees picked up more of the pens, exhibiting much more ethical and social behavior than the ones who looked at a building. Imagine the world we would live in if more people experienced awe on a regular basis! Awe inspires creativity. When a group of children looked at a series of photos, one beginning with objects like a pencil, and progressing to vast things like the Milky Way, they were more creative than another group starting with vast things and moving to more everyday things. This 2012 study from Tel Aviv University encourages me to look at an awe-inspiring video or photo before attempting any creative pursuit! Awe produces health benefits. A January 2015 study in the journal Emotion found that awe, especially when induced by a deep connection to art, nature, or spirituality, lowers cytokines in the body. Lower cytokines means less risk of heart disease, type-2 diabetes, and depression. Furthermore, if awe is inspired by a physical experience in nature, we get more vitamin D and also benefits related to exercise. Awe expands our sense of time. Researchers at Stanford and the University of Minnesota found that when people experience awe, they report that they have more time available and are less impatient. Awe brings people into the present moment- and the sense of having more time can lead to better sleep, less stress, less engaging in addictions, more motivation to acquire new knowledge, more willingness to volunteer, and overall, more life satisfaction. Awe gives you a better sense of well-being. Awe-inspiring experiences such as looking at a natural wonder, listening to a beautiful symphony, or even looking into another person’s eyes, can make us feel a connection with something greater. This experience is an emotion â€Å"in the upper reaches of pleasure and on the boundary of fear† as described by psychologists Dacher Keltner of UC Berkeley and Jonathan Haidt of New York University. Who wouldn’t want that? When was the last time you experienced awe? Are there awe-inspiring opportunities passing you by on a daily basis? I challenge you this week to have 10 awe-inspiring moments every day. I’d love to hear the difference it makes in your life!

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Operation Management - Essay Example They could be involved in trading activities. Under such circumstances, there should a clear green channel established which reduces the lead time to a manageable limit. In these cases, the turnaround time could be limited to say, 48 hours. In such exception orders, the customer service executives and managers need to play the role of single window clearance agents. In other words, they need to be the face of the company. The customer service personnel need to be capable of handling all order related communication, product related enquiries and any other pertinent information. There should be no involvement of sales and marketing personnel. In the case, we read about exceptions relating to the prices. Necessary approvals are obtained and the orders are processed. However, we also need to address customers who automatically become eligible for some price cuts, once they have placed a certain defined quantum of orders. This information needs to be decided in coordination with finance and sales personnel. Accordingly, for the specific customers, the applicable price discounts could be automatically applied for either bulk orders or for cumulative orders that have exceeded defined tonnage. We reiterate that this process should be captured in SAP and should not fall within the daily purview of sales and marketing divisions. In our case, we talk about shipments by sea and road. The company also needs to consider air shipment as another possible mode for express delivery. There could be a certain class of customers who are keen on availing this facility. Accordingly, the third party logistics provider should be informed to use this option in specific cases. The customer service team should also make provisions for the right set of documentation relating to air shipment. The case mentions modes of dispatch. We find that it does not talk about measuring supply chain efficiencies. Unless the company measures performance

Spanish Cuisine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanish Cuisine - Essay Example There are several fantastic contributions as well as influences (from Arabs and Romans who conquered Spain and stayed there) to Spanish cuisine and recipes. However, other dishes came from American and European influences and later adaptations were made to suit the Spanish taste. As a matter of fact, food prepared in Spain is usually abundant, fresh, as well as filled with flavor. In addition, Spaniards dearly love their food. It is important to note that the 2 essential ingredients that are must in Spanish food include garlic and olive oil. However, since Spain comprises of discrete geographical zones, settled by various cultural and ethnic groups, in addition to varying weather from one region to another, the regional cuisines vary a lot. The following are typical Spanish ingredients as well as food. The first ingredient is olive oil which is also called lard. Spain being the world’s largest producer of olive oil grows numerous olives all over the country and it is therefore no surprise that several Spanish dishes are prepared using this ingredient. Secondly is the Ham or jamon in Spanish which is a much cherished food and Spaniards take it very seriously and usually will pay a lot for quality ham. In fact, Spaniards are so proud of their ham that they have many museums for the same. The third common cuisine is seafood and fish. Spain is found in Iberian Peninsula and thus surrounded by water on 3 sides; there is always plenty of fresh seafood in the markets. Spaniards thus consume shellfish or fish every day. Anything, ranging from shrimp to halibut, in addition to octopus as well as baby eels is widespread on restaurant menus and markets. The fourth delicacy is cheeses which are of great quality and can be f ound everywhere in Spain. Spaniards make cheeses from goat, cow, sheep, milk as well as mixed milks. Various kinds vary from soft cheeses like

Aviva Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviva Case study - Essay Example t model proposed by Kurt Lewin can be considered as an important change management model that can help an organisation to address problems and challenges in its decision to adopting and implementing change in business operation process. This three phase change management model consists of three stages, such as unfreeze, movement and refreeze (Neelin, 2010, p.91). These three steps have been discussed with respect to the case study of Aviva. The management of Aviva should try to adopt and implement this change management process before implementation of the newly developed strategy of job cutting across its global business operation. Unfreeze is the first and more important stage of this change management model. It is clear from the news that the management of Aviva has decided to job-cutting across globe in order to reduce the overall business operation cost. This sudden decision and implementation of this decision can affect the business process of the organization as it can demoralise several effective employees to perform effectively. Most importantly, it can create fear among each and every employee that he or she may be axed. Therefore, Unfreezing can be considered as an important stage as in this stage the managers or leaders of the organization as it is their responsibility to inform the sub-ordinates and followers within an organisation to be ready for change. Therefore, it is important for the leaders to notif y the employees of the Aviva about newly decided change process way before implementation of this strategy (Liu, 2011, p.89). Aviva is one of the leading organisations around the globe. Therefore, it is highly important to attract the attention of the global employees regarding this decided change management process so that the management of the organisation can avoid the issues, such as workplace conflicts and inadequate business output (Marcus, 2010, p.12). Movement can be considered as another important step of this model. In this step the

Sports And Active Lifestyles Children And Young People Essay

Sports And Active Lifestyles Children And Young People Essay Unfortunately, youth sport has for a long time, and still is, being organised, run and taught by persons who draw on their personal philosophies in their approaches. i)Discuss the dangers of this. ii)Which are the main areas within youth sport which need to be considered to shape such philosophical standpoints of people working with youth in sport? Introduction In many aspects of our life we find people who, either directly or indirectly, influence the path we follow to achieve growth towards reaching our future goals. Such influencing people could be parents, teachers, mentors, coaches, nursery leaders, policy makers and any other role model position we may encounter. They do so in line with their philosophy on that particular aspect of life, for which they are responsible to guide us through the path of success. Their philosophy is built from the theoretical knowledge they acquired in their own educational phase of life as well as through their practical experience in the area they are assigned to lead. This applies in particular to people who are trusted to work with our children in various sports disciplines. Parents still insist that their children should engage in organized sport for several reasons. Since six decades ago, there has been a growing belief that leaving child activities under the informal control of children themselves may lead to antisocial behaviour when they grow up. (Coakley, 2009) argues that many adults believe that this lack of control is eliminated by organised sports through which they constructively control their childrens activities. However it is of utmost importance that those who work in youth sport and policymakers adopt the right philosophy that encourages sport participation of youths in the long term. Individuals who are involved into such youth programmes ought to be aware about researched material that may be used to adjust the programmes to better serve the child interest, even when this goes against their philosophy. Negative Outcomes Participation is unlikely to persist when stubbornly sticking to the point of view of the adult whose way of thinking may be in conflict with that of the youth. One has to keep in mind the interest of the child; the fun aspect of the sport itself. Children tend to stray away from adult invasion into their sport. They like to create their own games, their own worlds, therefore forcing them to participate into organised activities might lead them into a path they do not want. (Gill, 2007) mentions several arguments in favour of exposing our children to environments where a degree of risks is involved, as opposed to institutionalised sports. We actually do children a disservice by trying to eliminate risks from their lives as they grow up (Gill, 2012). When children are allowed to experience risky situations, they learn practical skills, such as swimming, cycling and road safety, that help them manage similar situations and protect themselves in the outside world. In addition, if not allowed to experience risks, children tend to seek out situations that may potentially be too dangerous. In other words, children like the challenges present in risky situations. Parents usually fear the fact that the environment outside of home has become such a dangerous place for children. They feel more security by trusting their children to coaching methods that are sometimes found to be counterproductive. This ideology may sometimes expose our children to occasional high injury rates from organised youth sport such as stress fractures and other injuries caused by overuse. (Micheli, 1990) suggests certification of coaches as a part of the solution. In a study on US youth sports, (Seefeldt Ewing, 1992) found that there was a drop from 25% to 3% in sport participation from the ages of 10 to 18 respectively. This huge withdrawal was attributed to the competitive nature of sports in males. (Biddle, et al., 2005) drew similar conclusions for females. (Cotà ¨ Wall, 2007) postulate that children who do not experience fun in sport at their early ages, tend to drop out from the activity because they lack the intrinsic motivation to keep on participating. This hinders the higher level skills they would have obtained later on in their sports career. (Abbott Collins, 2002) propose that if youths do not engage successfully into sport activities at the participative phase (up to eight years of age) they will most likely lack self-efficacy beliefs which are necessary to persist in being physically active through life. (Coakley, 2009) mentions ample literature from critics of adult-organised sports that argues on many shortcomings of this approach. The presence of parents watching their child playing an organised, competitive game that is customised for adults is counterproductive both mentally and physically to the child. Some children make it clear that they feel most parents come to see them playing just to criticise them both during and after a game, making them feel embarrassed. Even worse, this sends the wrong message to children that physical activity and sport is there only for the young, given that their parents are always sitting there as spectators. Children are not to be treated as miniature adults; some youth sports organisations expose children to too little practice and too many competitions when studies show it should be the other way round. Equipment and rules are sometimes not suitable to the age and ability levels of children. Main Areas to be Considered Up to the young age of two years, children look for pleasure from discovering and mastering attempts. Up to around six years of age children exhibit an egocentric character. Starting from the age of five youngsters enter the social comparison phase in which they start to compare what they have and what they do with their peers. This is usually interpreted as a sign of the childs interest in competition. This phase continues to strengthen until the age of twelve. Children younger than twelve may find it difficult to get the full understanding of their role in a competition. To encourage participation the rules of the game must be modified to suit their developmental capabilities (Richardson, 2007). It is also suggested that children in this age range are  exposed to a variety of sports as well as different positional variations in each sport. To be ready for competitive sports, young individuals need to fully develop their physical, cognitive and social abilities. Several studies suggest that children start to develop their cognitive and social abilities at around the age of eight and these abilities are expected to reach their required levels at the age of twelve (Coakley, 2009). In fact literature shows that the ideal age of introducing competitive strategies is at the ages of twelve to fifteen, also known as the transitional phase, and children under eight years of age should not be put into competitive roles. Research consistently shows the attraction of children to freedom in whatever they do (Gill, 2007). The traditional sports organised by adults tend to focus more on rules as opposed to informal sports that emphasise action, an approach that shows more positive outcomes (Coakley, 2009). One of the benefits of rules is to allow for safety. However, (Mullarkey) maintains that We must try to make life as safe as necessary, not as safe as possible. Rules from organised games should be modified in such a way to allow for more action and personal involvement and to keep the difference in scores as low as possible. On the other hand, action must meet the requirements to strengthen personal involvement, excitement, decision making and interpersonal relationships between participants. When working with children one should not assume that the social and cognitive abilities are already fully developed in sports. (Bandura, 1997) stresses the importance of both perceived and actual competence in an individuals decision to both engage in and maintain involvement in an activity. Actual competence widens the choice of sport for the individual while perceived competence provides the drive to persist in the sport even when difficulties are met. Therefore, if a broad range of psychomotor skills have been successfully developed from a young age, the literature suggests these will act as a basis for subsequent involvement as well as equipping individuals with the ability to make appropriate participation choices. In informal sports, one must be careful not to allow any form of bullying, patronising of girls when playing with boys and exclusion. The role of the adults should be that of a guide who ensures safety, encourages participation, mediates disputes and not to impose organised sports rules. Sometimes informal games may require more play space, but this can be overcome by creativity from the coach. Creativity is also a quality that is strengthened on the child when exposed to an informal setup. Children get the message that in life they have make decisions and not always follow repetitive rules. Conclusion The above review suggests that in todays society, coaches, organisations and parents should be well aware of questions and issues which need to be addressed when involving themselves into organised youth sport programmes. People who work in youth sports must keep their mind open to new ideas and they should educate themselves to keep their knowledge up to date on the current studies in the field. To the contrary of adult sports, when dealing with youths, in particular at the participative level coaches need to emphasise less on structure and more on variety to keep motivation at high levels. Rather than early specialisation the ultimate goal is to make the child physically literate.