Aryabhatta Biography Essay

While there is a tendency to misspell his name as â€Å"Aryabhatta† by analogy with other names having the â€Å"bhatta† suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata: every astronomical text spells his name thus, including Brahmagupta’s references to him â€Å"in more than a hundred places by name†. Furthermore, in most instances â€Å"Aryabhatta† does not fit the metre either. Time and place of birth Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was composed 3,630 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476. Aryabhata was born in Taregna (literally, song of the stars), which is a small town in Bihar, India, about 30 km (19 mi) from Patna (then known as Pataliputra), the capital city of Bihar State. Evidences justify his birth there. In Taregna Aryabhata set up an Astronomical Observatory in the Sun Temple 6th century. There is no evidence that he was born outside Patliputra and traveled to Magadha, the centre of instruction, culture and knowledge for his studies where he even set up a coaching institute. However, early Buddhist texts describe Ashmaka as being further south, in dakshinapath or the Deccan, while other texts describe the Ashmakas as having fought Alexander. Education It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and lived there for some time. Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well as BhÄ skara I (CE 629), identify Kusumapura as PÄ Ã¡ ¹ ­aliputra, modern Patna. A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapati) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda university as well. Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar. Other hypotheses Some archeological evidence suggests that Aryabhata could have originated from the present day Kodungallur which was the historical capital city of Thiruvanchikkulam of ancient Kerala. For instance, one hypothesis was that aÅ›maka (Sanskrit for â€Å"stone†) may be the region in Kerala that is now known as Koá ¹ ­uá ¹â€¦Ã¡ ¹â€¦allÃ… «r, based on the belief that it was earlier known as Koá ¹ ­um-Kal-l-Ã… «r (â€Å"city of hard stones†); however, old records show that the city was actually Koá ¹ ­um-kol-Ã… «r (â€Å"city of strict governance†). Similarly, the fact that several commentaries on the Aryabhatiya have come from Kerala were used to suggest that it was Aryabhata’s main place of life and activity; however, many commentaries have come from outside Kerala. Aryabhata mentions â€Å"Lanka† on several occasions in the Aryabhatiya, but his â€Å"Lanka† is an abstraction, standing for a point on the equator at the same longitude as his Ujjayini. Works Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which are lost. His major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and astronomy, was extensively referred to in the Indian mathematical literature and has survived to modern times. The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power series, and a table of sines. The Arya-siddhanta, a lot work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata’s contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the older Surya Siddhanta and uses the midnight-day reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya. It also contained a description of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring devices, semicircular and circular (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped device called the chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical. A third text, which may have survived in the Arabic translation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It claims that it is a translation by Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name of this work is not known. Probably dating from the 9th century, it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of India

Summarizing and Paraphrasing a Source Activity

In the University of Phoenix Material Summarizing and Paraphrasing a Source Activity Part 1: Summarizing Review the following passage and summarize it in the box as though you were including this information in a research paper. Use the reference to create an appropriate APA-formatted in-text citation. Aggressive driving is characterized by the tendency to view driving as a competition rather than as a means of getting from one place to another. Although most drivers are content to move along with the flow of traffic, aggressive drivers weave from lane to lane, seeking any advantage that will place them ahead of others. Aggressive drivers are also more likely to tailgate and honk the horn in an effort to intimidate other drivers or simply to move them along faster. When confronted with heavy traffic, aggressive drivers often engage in dangerous behavior such as passing on the right, using utility or turn lanes as driving lanes, and ignoring traffic signals. Paradoxically, aggressive drivers often pride themselves on their skill. They see other, more cautious drivers as the problem, not themselves. Reference Arlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith: A guide to college writing (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall. Summary As stated by P. Arlov in Wordsmith: A guide to college writing, â€Å"Aggressive diving is characterized by the tendency to view driving as a competition †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2007) Those type of drivers do not follow the rules of driving, and can create unsafe situations for other drivers in the road. Part 2: Paraphrasing and Quoting Review the following passage and paraphrase it in the following box. Use the reference to create an appropriate APA-formatted in-text citation. Additionally, include one direct quotation. One of the most valuable skills a student can develop is focus. Focus is the ability to concentrate on one thing for an extended period of time, shutting out everything else. The person who is focused has no trouble with homework; her mind is on the task until it is finished. The focused person has no trouble concentrating during a test. She does not even notice the voice of the lecturer in an adjacent classroom, the tapping pencil of the student two rows over, or her instructor’s squeaking chair. People differ widely in their ability to concentrate. Some seem capable of laser like focus on any job until it is completed. Others are easily distracted, jumping up from homework to do a hundred small, but suddenly urgent, tasks as the homework gets pushed further into the background. Like any other skill, the ability to focus can be learned and reinforced through practice. To improve your ability to concentrate, start by establishing a set time and place to study. If possible, study at the same time and in the same place every day. Establishing a routine gives study the importance it deserves and helps make studying a habit. Then, to keep yourself on task, set a small timer as you begin studying. Start by setting the timer to go off after 15 minutes. Until the timer goes off, give studying your full attention. If your mind wanders—and it will—pull it back to the task. Then reward yourself with something small: 5 minutes of solitaire on your computer or a trip to the refrigerator for a glass of iced tea. Time your reward, too—about 5 minutes should be sufficient. Then set the timer for another 15 minutes. As concentration becomes a habit, that habit will spill over into the classroom, too. You will be better able to focus on your instructor’s words or on the test you are taking. If extraneous noises during a test still distract you, invest in a pair of earplugs to shut out noise as you take your test. The ability to concentrate is a necessary skill. Fortunately, it is a skill that can be improved with effort. Reference Arlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith: A guide to college writing (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall. Paraphrase and Quotation Focusing is a skill that can be learned by practicing. Students can make certain changes in their studying habits in order to make this possible. This can be done in many different ways like using timers and setting time frames to accomplish any task in hand. Another way of getting your mind in to this habit is by rewarding you time spent on studying with breaks, but these have to be kept short so that focus will not be lost in other ways of distractions. Everyone is different so each person that has trouble focusing must learn their own type of style of focusing that works from them. One way of knowing if focusing is an issue for a student is if they are easily distracted by noise or activity around them while trying to study or take tests. Sometimes noise distractions can be fixed by using some kind of noise blocking device such as earplugs. The most effective way is to keep a routine in place to study and do homework same time and same place every time. As stated by P. Arlov in Wordsmith: A guide to college writing; â€Å"One of the most valuable skills a student can develop is focus† (3rd ed. , 2007). This is one of the most important skills to success of a college student to learn because this skill can transfer over to being able to learn more in a class room setting, and be able to pick up more information while the instructor is speaking. Reference: Arlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith: A guide to college writing (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall.

The Dark Ages, The Period Between 476 And 1350 - 1809 Words

The Dark Ages, the period between 476 and 1350 A.D., is often defined by the simplistic misconceptions of the modern period, which holds this era to be devoid of cultural, intellectual, and spiritual advancements, but rather, the retrocessions of such. In essence, these notions could not be further from the truths that are misguided by the derogatory implications of the words ‘dark’ and ‘medieval’. The Middle Ages (an umbrella term encompassing the Renaissance movement), a more appropriate term, marks a period between the downfall of classical Greece and Rome during the fifth and fourteenth century, and the rise of Greco-Roman systems and ideologies during the Renaissance. The Renaissance is often defined as a cultural movement between the†¦show more content†¦The Middle Ages (fifth to fifteenth century) was an epoch of great change, dealing with the constant restructuring of the political and religious foundations of the Western world. These change s were most notable during the late Medieval Period (1300’s-1500’s), which evidenced the increasing political power of the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope in the eleventh century, the corruption of the clergy, and the decline of religion after the arrival of the plague in 1346. Decimating approximately one-third of the European population, the severe levels of depopulation and migration resulted in an immediate economic decline. The deteriorating health and economic conditions led to the increasing acrimony of the general population towards the church, as Christians began to see the plague as divine punishment for the corruption of the religious institutions by its officials. Saint Catherine of Siena (1347-1380), a prevalent political and religious figure of the plagued late Middle Ages, attempted to combat the individualistic mindset that arose from the plague. In order to counter the shift from communal values to individualism, despite the decline in religious followers, Saint Catherine inspired a new wave of faith through attempting to directly ‘reform’ the values of the clergy, as well as through transforming the hopeless and faithless outlook of the plague. In framing a theological response to the plague, Saint Catherine of Siena answers t he most difficult theologicalShow MoreRelated Christinaity In Middle Ages Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity in the Middle Ages Christianity played a major role throughout the Middle Ages in society and politics. The Middle Ages, classified from 600 AD to 1350 AD, was significantly effected by Christianity because of the impact it had on the daily lives of people of the time. The beginning of the Early Middle Ages, after the Fall of Rome in 476 AD and the period known as the Dark Ages, the reorganization of the empire brought a desire for faith and religion, primarily Christianity. ThisRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesto teach undergraduate and graduate project management courses overseas and in the United States; he has personally taught more than 100 executive development seminars and workshops. His research and consulting interests have been divided equally between operations management and project management; he has published numerous articles in these areas, plus a text on project management. He has also conducted research with colleagues in the International Project Management Associ ation. Cliff has beenRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagessurface methods and designs, illustrates evolutionary operation (EVOP) for process monitoring, and shows how statistically designed experiments can be used for process robustness studies. Chapters 13 and 14 emphasize the important interrelationship between statistical process control and experimental design for process improvement. Two chapters deal with acceptance sampling in Part VI. The focus is on lot-by-lot acceptance sampling, although there is some discussion of continuous sampling and MIL STD

Greenpeace Save the Arctic campaign †LEGO and Shell - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2253 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Media Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Greenpeace Save the Arctic campaign – LEGO and Shell Greenpeace has had environmental issues at the core of its mission since it was founded in 1971, when a small group set sail from Vancouver, Canada to witness nuclear testing (Greenpeace, 2014a). Now a large international organisation, Greenpeace has several main branches of environmental activism and campaigning. One of its major campaigns is Save the Arctic, which has been running for 15 years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Greenpeace Save the Arctic campaign – LEGO and Shell" essay for you Create order The campaign is concerned with climate change in general and the shrinking Arctic, but also more specifically with the plans of oil companies to drill in the Arctic. According to Greenpeace, the harsh conditions and remoteness would mean an oil spill would be almost impossible to deal with. Its a catastrophe waiting to happen( Greenpeace, 2014b). Climate change can be a nebulous and esoteric problem that the public feel increasingly helpless to do anything about (Nordhaus and Shellenberger, 2009), but by focussing on a specific aspect, with a specific enemy, Greenpeace are providing people with an avenue for tangible action and results. Currently, the campaign targets the oil company Shell, but throughout its history it has run targeted campaigns against a number of oil companies. Increasingly, companies are coming under scrutiny for their environmental credibility as consumers become more aware of damaging practices and become more discerning with their purchasing power (Mi les and Covin, 2000). Greenpeace previously used this knowledge in a successful campaign called StopEsso that impacted the social credibility of ExxonMobil (Esso) and caused negative consumer perceptions about the company in regard to the issue of climate change (Gueterbock, 2004). However, in its most recent Save the Arctic campaign, Greenpeace tried another new tactic by targeting the toy company LEGO. LEGO has had a partnership with Shell since the 1960s that saw LEGO toy sets branded with the Shell logo distributed from Shell petrol stations in several countries. Instead of targeting Shell for its plans to drill in the Arctic, Greenpeace targeted LEGO for its partnership with Shell. Oil companies are now well known for their poor environmental credibility, so environmental campaigns need new ways to bring attention to specific issues. LEGO is a much-beloved toy company, and Greenpeace hoped that by linking LEGO directly to Shells Arctic drilling plans they could damag e LEGOs environmental credibility. For a company that had not faced this kind of criticism before, the attention could potentially be very damaging (Cho et al., 2012), so Greenpeace hoped this would force them to end their partnership with Shell. This would further damage Shell by ending a lucrative partnership and denying them the credibility by association with a popular toy company. Through its partnership with LEGO, Shell had reached a new audience by putting its logo in the hands of children and making it seem more family-friendly and caring (Greenpeace, 2014c). Greenpeaces targeted campaign also helped them reach the new audience of children by making them an integral part of the campaign mission. Throughout the campaign, Greenpeace pointed to LEGOs mission to leave a better world for children: a promise it is not fulfilling by supporting Shell. Greenpeaces campaign went beyond the rhetoric of securing the environment for our childrens future however; it actively u sed children in several of its marketing stunts. In one event, children built giant LEGO-block Arctic animals outside LEGOs London headquarters. When justifying the use of children in their campaign, Greenpeace stated: Children love the Arctic, and its unique wildlife like polar bears, narwhals, walrus and many other species that are completely dependent on the Arctic sea ice. They wouldn’t want to see them threatened. (Greenpeace 2014c). When assessing the use of emotion in social campaigns aimed at engaging youth, Hirzalla and Van Zoonen (2010) identified the appeal to empathy with animals and identification of animals coolness and cuddliness as key constructs. While appealing to children through the use of animals, Greenpeace also strengthened its message of saving the planet for future generations by using seemingly self-motivated children in its campaign. Many of the tactics used in Greenpeaces campaign against LEGO followed guerilla marketing principles. While traditional guerilla marketing campaigns aimed at selling products focus on the element of surprise and unconventional techniques, Greenpeaces campaign style could be more closely compared to guerilla warfare, composed of a series of ambushes and sabotages (Creative Guerrilla Marketing, 2015). For example, a band of Greenpeace activists descended on a LEGO factory in the Czech Republic and decorated it with a Shell logo and an oil spill with giant unhappy minifigures (LEGO characters) cleaning it up. Later, activists appeared outside LEGOs headquarters in Denmark with a series of giant bricks representing the signatures of petitioners to stop the partnership between LEGO and Shell. Greenpeaces global reach and local bands of enthusiastic demonstrators allow it to run campaigns multinational companies can only dream of; they can produce targeted marketing stunts quickly and a little cost. A related tactic used in the campaign is viral marketing. Again, aimed at creating buzz with lower cost, viral marketing is an Internet-based ‘word-of-mouth’ marketing technique (Woerndl et al., 2008). Greenpeace had an online petition to LEGO to sever its connection with Shell that was easy to sign and share, providing a low barrier to participation for people who might want to join the campaign but not to go out and engage in guerilla activities. It was also easy to share and the progress was easily measured. Often, visible metrics of success can further increase the likelihood of a viral campaign being shared wider as its credibility is established (Woerndl et al., 2008). For example, the number of hits on a YouTube video can influence the likelihood of someone watching and sharing the video. In fact, the centrepiece of Greenpeaces viral marketing campaign was a video. Ryan and Jones (2011) said: Online video is so powerful because well-executed video can be incredibly engaging and entertaining, demands little effort to consume and packs a lot of information into a relatively short space of time in comparison to other media. Its also incredibly easy to share. Greepeaces video, launched at the start of the campaign, now has nearly seven million views on YouTube (Greenpeace, 2014d). It centres around a direct parody of LEGOs recent smash-hit movie and its iconic song Everything is Awesome. The song is sung not in its original high-energy upbeat style, but as a slow lament, as images of an Arctic created out of LEGO slowly drowns under a tirade of leaked oil from Shells oil drilling platforms. The video is extremely evocative, showing Arctic animals and ways of life drowning, as well as eventually our way of life too. By constructing the set out of LEGO bricks and using the popular song from the movie, the focus is very much on LEGO, while also capitalising on its recent surge in popularity thanks to the movie. Emotional appeals in marketing are shown to be more effective in eliciting a response from viewers (Franz en, 1994). It can be a risky strategy to appeal to negative feelings, however, unless the product being marketed offers a solution. Greenpeaces encouragement to people to sign the petition and make LEGO end their partnership with Shell prevents the campaign from creating purely negative feelings that could work against viral potential by providing a concrete, actionable solution. The campaign was launched at the end of June 2014. After two weeks of guerilla tactics and the launch of the video, LEGO at first seemed unwilling to change its position, stating that: We expect that Shell lives up to their responsibilities wherever they operate and take appropriate action to any potential claims should this not be the case. LEGO maintained that Greenpeaces dispute was with Shell and not them. However, for Greenpeace, LEGOs trust in the oil companys responsibility was not enough, and the campaign intensified. Finally, in October 2014, LEGO announced that it would not renew its par tnership with Shell (Vaughan, 2014a). However, in LEGOs statement on the termination of the partnership, it was still reserved in its messaging and maintained that it did not agree with Greenpeaces tactics against them: We do not want to be part of Greenpeace’s campaign and we will not comment any further on the campaign. We will continue to deliver creative and inspiring LEGO play experiences to children all over the world. (LEGO, 2014). The Greenpeace campaign attracted criticism for targeting LEGO specifically. Some individuals pointed to the hypocrisy of the focus on the dissolution of the partnership as a partway solution to Arctic drilling, considering that LEGO bricks are made of plastic, a by-product of oil (Skapinker, 2014). However, LEGO is currently searching for a sustainable alternative material for its bricks, and hopes to replace oil entirely by 2030 (Miel, 2014). The narrow focus on targeting LEGO also drew criticism for its simplicity in not deal ing with the larger issue of energy generation. Chris Rapley, former director of the Science Museum (who opened a gallery in partnership with Shell), said the campaign might attract headlines and make them feel good, but does not address the real issues and will not deliver the changes we all need.† (Vaughan, 2014b) Additionally, it has been argued that we all use energy and products of oil in our everyday lives, so we are all implicated, and any action against individual companies is hypocritical (Skapinker, 2014). Both argue that oil companies are also those most heavily involved in renewable energy development, being more truly energy companies than purely oil companies. However, a blogger for The Economist (identified just as M.S.) praised Greenpeaces campaign, saying that just because we are all sinners does not mean we cannot pressure others to behave better, and it is just these sorts of campaigns that encouraged energy companies to invest in renewable energy r esearch in the first place (S., 2014). M.S. also praised the tactics of Greenpeaces campaign, saying it leveraged the weight of environmental credibility to produce a concrete result: If Shell comes to fear that drilling in arctic waters will damage its brand and encourage other well-regarded companies to distance themselves from it, that may help dissuade it from further drilling. The viral tactics of the campaign were lauded by M.S., who identified it as a breakthrough campaign for Greenpeace as they left their roots of unfurling banners from buildings behind and produced a wickedly clever campaign that feels entirely of this moment. In conclusion, the Greenpeace campaign was a success because it combined virality with up-to-date guerilla tactics in order to challenge the environmental credibility and social licence of a globally-recognised and popular toy company. Future Greenpeace campaigns look set to repeat the strategy, and time will tell if they remain successful. Following the announcement that LEGO terminated their partnership with Shell, executive director of Greenpeace UK John Sauven said: â€Å"Clearly Shell is trying to piggy back on the credibility of other brands. It’s a good PR strategy if you can get away with it. But as we’ve shown, if you can’t get away with it, that social licence is taken away. It does damage them a lot.† (Vaughan, 2014a). References Cho, C., Guidry, R., Hageman, A. and Patten, D. (2012). Do actions speak louder than words? An empirical investigation of corporate environmental reputation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 37(1), pp.14-25. Creative Guerrilla Marketing, (2015). What Is Guerrilla Marketing? [online] Available at: https://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/what-is-guerrilla-marketing/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Franzen, G. (1994). Advertising effectiveness. Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire: NTC Publications. Greenpeace, (2014a). Our History. [online] Available at: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/history/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Greenpeace, (2014b). Save the Arctic. [online] Available at: https://greenpeace.org.uk/climate/arctic [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Greenpeace, (2014c). Lego and Shell FAQs. [online] Available at: https://greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/lego-and-shell-faqs-20140630 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Greenpeace, (2014d). LEGO: Everything is NOT awesome. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhbliUq0_r4 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Gueterbock, R. (2004). Greenpeace campaign case study — StopEsso. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 3(3), pp.265-271. Hirzalla, F. and Van Zoonen, L. (2010). Affective Political Marketing Online: Emotionality in the Youth Sites of Greenpeace and WWF. International Journal of Learning and Media, 2(1), pp.39-54. LEGO, (2014). Comment on Greenpeace campaign and the LEGO ® brand. [online] Available at: https://www.lego.com/en-GB/aboutus/news-room/2014/october/comment-on-the-greenpeace-campaign-and-the-lego-brand [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Miel, R. (2014). Lego looking for a sustainable replacement for ABS. Plastics News. [online] Available at: https://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20140218/NEWS/140219915/lego-looking-for-a-sustainable-replacement-for-abs [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Miles, M. and Covin, J. (2000). Environmental Marketing: A Source of Reputational, Competitive, and Fin ancial Advantage. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(3), pp.299-311. Nordhaus, T. and Shellenberger, M. (2009). Apocalypse Fatigue: Losing the Public on Climate Change. Yale environment 360. [online] Available at: https://e360.yale.edu/feature/apocalypse_fatigue_losing_the_public_on_climate_change/2210/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Ryan, D. and Jones, C. (2011). The best digital marketing campaigns in the world. London: Kogan Page. S., M. (2014). Childish arguments. The Economist. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/10/greenpeace-lego-and-shell [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Skapinker, M. (2014). Everything is not awesome about Greenpeace’s assault on Lego. Financial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7a8885fc-538c-11e4-8285-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3PlQsJ8QR [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Vaughan, A. (2014a). Lego ends Shell partnership following Greenpeace campaign. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/09/lego-ends-shell-partnership-following-greenpeace-campaign [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Vaughan, A. (2014b). Science Museum former head gives Greenpeace Lego campaign 0 out of 10. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/09/science-museum-former-head-gives-greenpeaces-lego-campaign-0-out-of-10 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Woerndl, M., Papagiannidis, S., Bourlakis, M. and Li, F. (2008). Internet-induced marketing techniques: Critical factors in viral marketing campaigns. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 3(1), pp.33-45.

What Is Economic Freedom - 1509 Words

What is economic freedom? In fact, what freedom really means, at its core? In words of Wayne Dyer, â€Å"Freedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery† and according to Franklin Delano Roosevelt â€Å"True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Combine the sayings of these two great men and we get the true essence of what it really means to have economic freedom. In more technical terms, for an individual to have economic freedom is to have complete authority over his/her own property and independence to choose how to produce sell and use your own resources while respecting the others’ right to do the same. In order to truly explain what economic freedom is, one must explain the economic system which provides the greatest form of freedom, the pillars of economic freedom and in what ways is the governing body responsible for upholding the economic liberty in its nation. Like every other freedom, even the economic freedom was never given but had to be fought and won. In order to truly grasp the significance of what freedom mean in the economic world, one has to delve in its history and understand the views of both side of debate. For over a century the economic world has been involved in a great intellectual debate which later turned into war. Two most prominent opposite sides of the coin were capitalism and socialism. The capitalism end of the pole was dominated by the common ideologyShow MoreRelatedCapitalism and Freedom Book Review1347 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism Freedom Author: Milton Friedman Milton Friedman’s Capitalism amp; Freedom is one of the most important books regarding economics of the 20th century. His thoughts laid the groundwork for the emerging modern conservative movement, which was an evolution of the 19th century beliefs surrounding liberalism. 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E-Governance Public Sector Transformation

Question: Discuss about theE-Governance for Public Sector Transformation. Answer: Introduction: Technology has frequently been mentioned as the solution to all issues faced by the governments. Whilst not being the answers to all governmental problems, e-governance has become an fundamental part of public sector transformation. E-governance can be identified as a footstep towards the modernization of national and local governance. The most prominent issue of governmental fraud, late and ineffective public service delivery, data secrecy and many others are continuously being a major constriction in the effort of establishing democracy. E-governance has been introduced to eradicate all these issues by offering an increased the range of public services to the nationals in a transparent, quick and cost effective manner. The complexities of the governmental processes have been reduced by this technological intervention in the government. E-governance: As opined by Garcaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Snchez et al. (2013) e-governance or electronic governance is the use of electronic communication technologies or devices like computer and internet to manage the public service and related issues to provide best service to the citizens. As mentioned by Kumar and Panchanatham (2016) the idea of e-governance includes digital interaction between citizens and the public authority or government (C2G), between two separate governmental agencies (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E) and between government and business or commercial bodies (G2C). As described by Gatautis, R., (2015) it involves ICTs to transform both back end and front line governmental process and provide services, information and knowledge with more nimbleness and transparency than ever. Effectiveness: E-governance has changed the ids of bureaucracy in the 21st century. The bureaucratic governments have always been criticized for its delaying in service delivery as it involves a number of protocols and channels. Moreover, as mentioned by Gupta and Shah (2012) governmental frauds and corruption are one of the major discrepancies involved with bureaucracy. Incorporating transparency is crucial for better administration of it and success of democracy. Here, e-governance has intervened with significant approach. The following discussion will be helpful in exploring the range of effectiveness of e-governance in bureaucracy. Democratization: The most significant of governance effect can be discerned in the increased participation of the citizens in the governmental activities. As mentioned by Kumar et al. (2013) it has encouraged the fundamental strength and prerequisite of democracy and its success. With the help of ICTs (Information and communication technology), the citizens from every part of the country can tack part, interact, provide input and opinions to the governmental activities, the executive figures, and policies of the government. as mentioned by Yadav and Tiwari (2014) in India, while creating laws regarding sexual harassment against women in 2012, the supreme court bench Justice Verma Committee asked for peoples voice for the suggestions of alteration in laws. Here, the ICTs played a huge role in disseminating peoples voice. Thus, e-governance is being helpful in strengthening democracy. Better Access to Information: As opined by Prabhu (2013) e-governance has provided a common framework and direction the public sector agencies and organizations and other bodies. The use of ICT has made the information sharing process timely, reliable and cost-effective. The citizens are now able to access any governmental information from the related portals or websites within fraction of seconds and perfect accuracy. As described by Lee et al. (2016) it has saved time and money of the government and citizens. Simplicity, Efficiency and Accountability in Governance: Red tape is the major constriction in way of effective governance. As mentioned by (), it is an integral part of bureaucracy which is negatively affecting the effectiveness of bureaucracy. However, the Application of ICT has led to elimination of complicated processes and simplification of the structure. By simplifying the work process, e-governance has increased the efficiency and enhanced the decision making power of the governmental bodies. As opined by Gatautis (2015) the simplification of the governmental structure has affected the popular culture of bribery associated to bureaucracy in the hugely populated countries like India. Moreover, the simplified structured has made the governmental bodies more accountable to the citizens. As described by (), governance has provided the citizens a chance of interacting with the computers to achieve objectives at any time from any location. In the countries like India or Singapore, the e-governance has made the tax return, passport registration and even the health services easier than ever. However, with all this effectiveness the e-governance involves a few controversies, which are surely affecting its effectiveness and usage. Hyper-Surveillance: As opined by Prabhu (2013) with the increased use of electronic contact and its efficiency, the citizens will be encouraged to use this data sharing process, which will in turn reduce the privacy of the citizens. With increased ICT interaction between government and citizens, the government will be able to track every footstep of a citizen. As discussed by Gatautis (2015) in worst cases, this huge information access may lead to the rise of a totalitarian government. A False Sense of Transparency: As mentioned by Gupta and Shah (2012) it is vague to claim transparency as a positive result of e-governance. He argues that the data those the public can access to maintained and managed by the government itself. Information can easily be inserted or removed from the public eye. Inaccessibility: As opined by Goel et al. (2013) the idea of e-governance is beneficial for the developed countries not the developing or under developed ones. The effectiveness of this service becomes useless when the citizens are illiterate, living below the poverty line or in the remote areas, which are not covered with the internet service. Here, e-governance loses its effectiveness and credibility of modern and efficient governance. Comparative Study: A number of countries and national authorities have introduces egovernance within their governmental procedures. The example of Singapore and India can be typically relevant in this regard. A comparative study about these two nations has been provided bellow. Singapore: Singapore has gone so far in the usage of e-governance in the administration. From 1980 to 2015, the notation has achieved a great level in integrating the government with the citizens via ICT. As mentioned by Baum and Mahizhnan (2014) unlike India which is yet to utilize the e-governance in the whole national administration, Singapore has introduced the Whole-of-Government integration approach in the national administration via iGov2010. The country has the 2nd place in the World Economic Forum Global IT Report and UN e-Participation index (Mof.gov.sg 2016). The country has 4 national portals and more than 400 agency websites. While the Indian government is operating with fragmented approach, Singapores e-Citizen portal is a single access point for government information and services (Mof.gov.sg 2016). The country is obtaining a huge success in the administration and management of its civic life with the help of e-citizen, SingPass, Online Business Licensing system, Unique Identity number and many other online systems (Mha.nic.in 2016. The government of Singapore has four major portals for ensuring political participation, effective public service deliverance, and help to local entrepreneurs and assistance to the non-residents. In Singapore, all the public services and transactions are done with the ecitizen portal. It helps the government to rightfully tract all the civil services provided to the public. With authentic documentation, the country becomes able to justify all its expanses to the citizens. On the other hand, Unlike India, Singapore has a rich infrastructure of e-governance. The country has initiated this program in 1980s and now it is expanding the execution to its highest level. With the introduction of eGov the national authority has created sophisticated network within and outside of the government agencies (Mha.nic.in 2016). India: As mentioned by Gupta (2012) the e-governance is mainly seen as a key element of the countrys administrative and governmental reform agenda. The government has introduced the e-government facilities in customs and excise, Indian railways, Postal department, passport or visa, land reforms and many other central government departments. Introduction of ICT in the railways and central excise has made the facilities hugely effective by correct data and managing it in a proficient manner. Today 98% of export and 95% of import documentation is computerized. Through ICEGTE electronic filing of taxes is possible (Mha.nic.in 2016). ICT in railways has provided the facility of booking of tickets from anywhere in no time and with better proficient service. ICT in the postal department has introduced direct e-credit of monthly income schemes into the investors accounts, dematerialization of savings certificates (NSCs) and Vikas Patras with full portability. ICT in the passport department has introduced 100% computerized information. However, Singapore has all integrated service for all these (Mha.nic.in 2016). As opined by Mittal and Kaur (2013) the online transaction with the government has reduced the case of bribery in India. It can be identified as a significant achievement of e-governance. The online transaction, payment of bills, EMI, taxes and other dealings are now more time saving and efficient in this country. The project of online payment of bills in India is named as FRIENDS. By first introducing this strategy, the Kerala government made it easy for the citizens to pay the bills without any Yadav and Tiwari (2014) and the government got a good response regarding the payment. In most of the municipalities, the jobs like house taxes, certificates, property recodes and approvals are now being managed by the ICTs. SDO Suite, by the Assam Government for issuing certificates like permission for land sale, birth and death report can be cited here (Mha.nic.in 2016). In the rural areas, the help of ICT in governance is effectively allocating the social security services and monetary help to the farmers and the concerned persons. Rural Digital Services, or the recent PMJDY (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojona) can be cited in this regard (Mha.nic.in 2016). Hover, it cannot be ignored that India does not have an integrated service of e-governance like Singapore. It is restraining the country to enjoy the full potentiality of the service. As described by Loyd and Sivakumar (2015) a country, which has such a huge population, corruption in the civic system the introduction of e-governance, is typically important to ensure best public service with least public spending and best transparency. Future Implication: As mentioned by Loyd and Sivakumar (2015) with the sophistication of information technology and increased use of ICT in the everyday life, e-governance will be the future of national governance. As mentioned earlier, with decreased cost of governance, better integration among the agencies and the citizen e-governance is continuously being popular among the citizens and governmental agencies. The Indian government is trying to initiate National e-governance Plan (NeGP) (Mha.nic.in 2016). This plan is attempting to cover all the important areas relating to e-governance- Assessment and awareness, Policy and infrastructure, project management, capacity building, finance and many other sectors. As mentioned by Garcaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Snchez et al. (2013) there is a hug scope for the e-governance in India. The implication of usage of ICT in governance will increase the efficiency of the government to deliver timely and effective service to a huge number of beneficiaries. With the highly ambitious project of Digital India the nation is trying to have a digital infrastructure within the governance. On the other hand, Singapore is using this strategy with great precision, sophistication and efficiency. With single one-stop portals, the government agencies are effectively delivering the services to the nationals, which will definitely upgrade and update itself (Ha 2013). With extensive participation from the citizens, the government is creating a strong democratic nation for the future. However, with extensive usage of e-governance in the national authority, not much scope of expansion is left for Singapore. It can be feared that with increased utilization of ICT the nation can face the above discussed issue of surveillance and totalitarian authority. On the other hand, with fragmented approach, huge population and treat of corruption, India has a huge scope of future expansion in the egovernance sector. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that e-governance is the future of national administrations. In the countries like India, which has a huge population, e-governance is a prerequisite for the success of democracy. Singapore has utilized this strategy with grate precision by integrating all governmental agencies within one system. This strategy can be followed by India to be successful in the national and local administration. In Singapore, it has propelled better citizen participation, increased efficiency and productivity in the governance. Because of poverty, lack of computer literacy and unavailability of internet coverage is reducing the potentiality of e-governance in India. The country needs to eliminate these issues and implement the e-governance strategy to obtain the impact of modernization in the national administration. References: Baum, S. and Mahizhnan, A., 2014. Government-With-You: E-Government in Singapore.E-Governance and Social Inclusion: Concepts and Cases: Concepts and Cases, p.229. Garcaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Snchez, I.M., Rodrguezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Domnguez, L. and Friasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Aceituno, J.V., 2013. Evolutions in Eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ governance: Evidence from Spanish Local Governments.Environmental Policy and Governance,23(5), pp.323-340. Gatautis, R., 2015. The impact of ICT on public and private sectors in Lithuania.Engineering Economics,59(4). Goel, I., Garg, V. and Garg, S., 2013. A Study of Efforts by Other Countries to Make E-Governance Effective.International Journal of Advanced and Innovation Research, pp.12-18. Gupta, M. and Shah, S., 2012. ICT and E-governance: A complete overview.Journal of Information and Operations Management,3(1), pp.178-182. Gupta, M.P., 2012. Tracking the evolution of e-governance in India.International Journal of Electronic Government Research,6(1), pp.46-48. Ha, H., 2013. E-Government in Singapore: critical success factors.E-Government success around the world: cases, empirical studies, and practical recommendations, pp.176-197. Kumar, D. and Panchanatham, N., 2016. A Case Study on Public Private Partnership for an Effective Indian E-Governance.International Journal of Scientific Research,4(7). Kumar, P., Kumar, D. and Kumar, N., 2013. Improved service delivery and cost effective framework for e-governance in India.International Journal of Computer Applications,74(2). Lee, S.K., Kwon, H.R., Cho, H., Kim, J. and Lee, D., 2016.International Case Studies of Smart Cities: Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Inter-American Development Bank. Loyd, B.D. and Sivakumar, D., 2015, July. A case study on VoIP over WMN based architecture for future e-governance of Indian rural areas. InTechnological Innovation in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR), 2015 IEEE(pp. 66-71). IEEE. Mha.nic.in. 2016.Ministry Of Home Affairs |. [online] Available at: https://www.mha.nic.in [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Mittal, P. and Kaur, A., 2013. E-Governance-A challenge for India.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology (IJARCET),2(3), pp.pp-1196. Mof.gov.sg. 2016.Ministry of Finance Singapore (MOF). [online] Available at: https://www.mof.gov.sg [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Prabhu, C.S.R., 2013.E-governance: Concepts and case studies. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Yadav, K. and Tiwari, S., 2014. E-Governance in India: Opportunities and Challenges.Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering,4(6), pp.675-680.

Maturation Of The Plantation System, 1776-1860 Essays -

Maturation Of The Plantation System, 1776-1860 In the essay, Maturation of the Plantation System 1776-1860, John B. Boles writes about the evolution of the Southern way of life from the end of the Revolutionary war to the beginning of the Civil war. Unlike the North, the South depended on agricultural products for revenue such as sugar, indigo, and tobacco, but mainly cotton in the later years. In order to produce these products, the plantation owners of the South used the cheapest labor available, which was slave labor. Slavery evolved to become the backbone of the South. Slavery was upheld in the early stages of the United States because Southern slaveholders referred to their slaves as property. Slaves realized that all men aren't created equal as stated in the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. Freedom was only a dream. Slavery increased because of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that doubled the size of the United States. In 1810, the Census reported that there were 1,163,854 slaves in the South, mainly due to the growing production of cotton and sugar. England first realized the potential of black slaves when in 1775, Lord Dunmore granted freedom to all ?indented servants, Negroes, or others(83). Southern whites did not like this proposition and they took emergency militia and police action to prevent a slave exodus to the British side. By 1777, the need for men forced the English and Colonials to rely on the use of black troops. However, although some blacks did fight side by side with their white counterparts, the majority of black involvement in the war was in a supporting role as cooks, wagoneers, and servants. After the war, there was an industrial revolution in the production of cotton cloth in England. Several species of cotton were known in the South before the revolution, but it was not easy to produce. However, with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793, the production of cotton in the South dramatically increased along with the demand for cotton overseas. Cotton employed the labor of almost three-fourths of all southern slaves. Cotton was now King in the South. With migration into the Southwest, rich black soil, experienced slaves, and hard work propelled many southern white plantation owners into very rich men. Cotton requires a long growing season and thrives best with moderate springtime rains and dry autumns. Cotton harvest also required more intense labor than any other season of the year. Very cheap slave labor was used in the South to harvest this cotton. Slaves planted, cultivated, and grew more cotton than they could pick. Cotton was cheap to produce because of cheap slave labor and no expensive equipment was needed to harvest, no extensive and costly irrigation canals were required to bring a cotton field into production. Cotton did not rot or spoil after being picked and it could be easily stored until enough was required to head to the gin. Cotton was also very well suited to the small farmer. Small farmers who didn't have hundreds of slaves and thousands of acres could grow cotton profitably. However, Boles writes, ?the most significant economic advantage of slavery was that it allowed farm size to increase significantly? (100). The larger planters had a gin and cotton press to satisfy their own needs also helped out other farmers in need. What developed before the Civil War was a complex white slave owning society that depended on slave labor as a way of life. In many areas of the South such as western Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky, there was no slavery at all. Small yeoman farmers owned their own land, grew most of their food, and lived self-sufficient with no outside help. However, in the Deep South of Alabama and Mississippi, almost half of the white families were slave owners. There were two societies to the South, slave holding and self-sufficient. Although, class conflict was largely absent by the 1840's because of the regions where each society was most conspicuous were geologically separate. Thousands of small farmers with little tobacco or cotton could identify with local planters because they were both growing the same crop. An economic connection existed between the small farmers who marketed their